<p>The Captain George Flavel House Museum known also as Capt. George Flavel House and Carriage House or the Flavel Mansion, is now a house museum in Astoria, Oregon, United States. It was built in 1885 in the Queen Anne architectural style, by George Flavel, a Columbia River bar pilot who was one of the area&#39;s first millionaires.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was originally constructed in 1885 by George Flavel, a maritime pilot and entrepreneur who amassed a fortune in his business over the course of thirty years. The 11,600 ft&sup2; house, which spans a whole city block, features Queen Anne architecture. After Flavels death in 1893, his wife, Mary Christina, lived in the house with the couples daughters, Nellie and Katie, until her death in 1922. Both Katie and Nelly also lived in the home until their deaths in 1910 and 1933, respectively.</p><br>
<p>The house and its carriage house were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. The house is owned and operated by the Clatsop County Historical Society.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The museum is well known to fans of the film The Goonies, which was filmed in Astoria. It is featured as the museum where Mikey&#39;s father works as a curator.</p><br>
<p>The Homewood Museum is a historical museum located on the Johns Hopkins University campus in Baltimore, Maryland. It was listed as a National Historic Landmark in 1971, noted as a family home of Maryland&#39;s Carroll family. It, along with Evergreen Museum & Library, make up the Johns Hopkins University Museums.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Homewood Estate was offered as a wedding gift in 1800 by Charles Carroll of Carrollton, (1737–1832), the longest surviving signer of the Declaration of Independence, to his son Charles Carroll Jr. It occupied 140 acre acres in northern Baltimore and was first known as "Merrymans Lott." Carroll had purchased the parcel of land in 1794. Charles Carroll Jr. began construction on a stately and modern country home of his own design in 1801 and had mostly finished by 1808. It cost $40,000, four times the budgeted expense. For reasons both personal and political, "Homewood" led to a severe breach in relations between father and son. Ultimately, Carroll (Senior) bought the house from his son in 1824 and managed the "most improvident waste" until his sons death the next year. The house then passed to Charles Carroll III, (the grandson), who lived there until he inherited the rural landmark family estate, Doughoregan Manor (in modern Howard County), from his grandfather.</p><br>
<p>The house was the birthplace of John Lee Carroll in 1830, second son of Charles Carroll, III, who would become Governor of Maryland. In 1839, Charles Carroll III sold Homewood to, a Baltimore merchant, who lived there with his family until 1865. During the Wyman familys tenure, Wymans son William commissioned Richard Upjohn to build an Italianate mansion on the grounds, named "Homewood Villa." The Villa was demolished by Johns Hopkins University in 1954; however, the gatehouse to the estate remains, and can be seen as an example of the villa design. On Samuel Wyman&#39;s death the property was divided between his sons. In 1897, Homewood House became the first Gilman School, known at its founding as The Country School for Boys. In 1902 the property was reassembled and given to Johns Hopkins University.</p><br>
<p>In 1916 the mansion became the University Faculty Club. In 1936, Homewood was converted to offices for the university president and deans. Johns Hopkins University now operates Homewood Museum, which opened to the public in 1987, and its Federal-style architecture, with its red brick and white marble, serves as the inspiration for the campus&#39; design.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Homewood exhibits a Palladian-inspired five-part plan, that reflects harmony in the proportions and sophisticated details in its construction. The five-part plan is based on a central block comprising the main residence, with flanking pavilions or dependencies linked to the center by hyphens. The house, while planned and massed in the Georgian style, uses Federal-style detailing, reflecting influences of the English architecture of Robert Adam. While Georgian architecture has significant surface relief, the Federal style is flatter, with smaller-scale details, as seen at Homewood. The four-columned portico dominates the main elevation.</p><br>
<p>The 1½ story central block was the center for formal entertainment, with a reception room, dining room and drawing room on the south side. The west wing was devoted to services, such as kitchens, while the east wing was for family use, on a more intimate basis than the main house. Unlike many five-part houses in the area, the central block did not have a full second floor, causing bedrooms and family areas to move into the wings.</p><br>
<p>Homewood is furnished today as it would have been in the 19th century. It is home to the Homewood Museum, which features period furnishings that complement its architecture.</p><br>
<p>Evergreen Museum & Library is a historic house museum and research library in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It is located between the campuses of the Notre Dame of Maryland University and Loyola University Maryland. It is operated by Johns Hopkins University along with Homewood Museum; both make up the Johns Hopkins University Museums.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The mansion was built in the mid-19th century and bought in 1878 by the president of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, John W. Garrett. Railroads were then a key industry in the United States and, as Baltimores Garrett family owned and managed one of the biggest rail companies, the home grew and became both luxurious and famous. John Garretts son Thomas Harrison Garrett added a wing containing a billiard room, bowling alley, and a gymnasium, which in later years were converted into an art gallery and private theater.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house, a magnificent example of Gilded Age architecture, sits on a 26 acre landscaped site in Northern Baltimore and is on the National Register of Historic Places. The initial design was a more modest Italianate house but, with the Garretts, it became a 48-room mansion with a 23-karat gold plated bathroom, a 30,000-book library, and a theatre painted by famous Russian artist Léon Bakst. The abundant decorative items in the house reflect the Garretts&#39; travels and interests, including a red Asian room displaying Japanese and Chinese items, works by Picasso, Modigliani, and Degas, glass by Tiffany or Dutch marquetry.</p><br>
<p>Today, the university manages the museum and offers guided tours.</p><br>
<h2>Library</h2><br>
<p>The John Work Garrett Library is under the aegis of the Department of Special Collections at the Johns Hopkins University. The collection totals over 30,000 volumes, the majority of which were collected by John Work Garrett (1872–1942) and his father, Thomas Harrison Garrett (1849–1888). The collection is especially strong in literature of the English Renaissance, including the Shakespeare Folios of 1623, 1632, and 1663. Other collection strengths include natural history, such as the original pattern plates for James Sowerby&#39;s Mineral Conchology of Great Britain, travel literature, architecture, and early Americana, such as the manuscript of The History of the Ancient and Honorable Tuesday Club by Alexander Hamilton. It also has a small but choice collection of incunabula and books of hours.</p><br>
<p>The museum holds the earliest known example of printing produced in colonial Maryland; a small booklet printed by Nicholas Hasselbach, who set up the first printing shop in Baltimore in 1765.</p><br>
<h2>Citations</h2><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>The Fryer House is a historic two-story stone house located in Butler, Kentucky. It was built by Pendleton County, Kentucky pioneer Walter Fryer in 1811. Abraham Vastine, a housebuilder, built this house of limestone from an adjacent quarry, and it has walls two feet thick. The roof truss system is built of wood framing held together with wooden pegs. The home was not completed until 1813.</p><br>
<p>It is a two-story three-bay stone hall and parlor plan house, with one-story frame additions on the east and north. The home was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>The Pendleton County Historical Society announced in April 2007 that it had leased the home for 99 years as a museum and Society offices. The building had been vacant for seven years.</p><br>
<p>The Isaac Ziegler House was a historic home once located at 712 North 4th Avenue in Knoxville, Tennessee. Designed by prominent Knoxville catalog architect George Franklin Barber, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and was described as the most ornate Queen Anne-Romanesque house in Tennessee.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in 1892. Demographic changes in Knoxville&#39;s inner city neighborhoods and the construction of the Magnolia Expressway across the street from the house contributed to the neglect and deterioration of the once impressive house. It was finally demolished by the city.</p><br>
<p>The Colonel John Williams House in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States, was built in 1825–1826 by the slaves of Melinda White Williams, wife of Colonel John Williams, while he was away serving as Chargé dAffaires to Guatemala for President John Quincy Adams.  The home is designed in the Federal style, with a noteworthy pediment with a fanlight at the roofline.</p><br>
<p>Col. Williams was originally from Surry County, North Carolina. He was the fourth son of Colonel Joseph and Rebekah Lanier Williams. He served as Tennessees Attorney General from 1807 to 1808, was a USA Senator representing Tennessee from 1815 to 1823 and was the hero of the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814 (Jacksons first military victory.) His Senate career ended in 1823, when General Andrew Jackson won the seat. Colonel Williams also served as a trustee of East Tennessee College (now the University of Tennessee). Colonel Williams died in 1837, and Melinda died eight months later. Both are buried in the First Presbyterian Church Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>The house and property were sold to Abner Jackson, co-owner of A.G. Jackson & Company, a dry goods store, in 1855. He owned the house until his death in 1869. Beginning in 1883 it was leased to the state of Tennessee for use as the Colored Deaf and Dumb School. The state purchased the building in 1885, and enlarged it.</p><br>
<p>It was rehabbed by the state in both 1923 and 1948. In the latter it was turned into classrooms for students and was last used in approximately 1982. For many years it was vacant while adjoining buildings were used for the Sertoma Learning Center.</p><br>
<p>After asbestos was found in those other buildings, Sertoma moved to other quarters and the state abandoned the property in 1991. The property was purchased by descendants of the former owners in 1998 and has been restored. The house and some of the original acreage is still owned by the descendants. The other land surrounding the home is owned by The First Tee of Greater Knoxville which operates an 18-hole par 3 golf facility, named Williams Creek Golf Course.</p><br>
<p>In 1842, Williams&#39; son, also known as "Colonel John Williams", built another Federal-style brick house in the vicinity that still stands, the Williams-Richards House at 2225 Riverside Drive.</p><br>
<p>The Peshtigo Fire Cemetery is a cemetery in Peshtigo, Wisconsin. The cemetery is the burial location of the charred remains of victims of the Peshtigo Fire, of October 8, 1871, the deadliest natural fire in the history of the United States. Identified victims were buried in traditional marked graves, and over 300 unidentified victims were buried in a mass grave. The site is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The memorial at the cemetery was the first official state historical marker authorized by the State Historic Society of Wisconsin. The cemetery is located adjacent to the Peshtigo Fire Museum, which is a memorial museum for the fire.</p><br>
<p>The Avery Russell House, also called the Martin-Russell House or the Campbell&#39;s Station Inn, is a historic home located at 11409 Kingston Pike in Farragut, Tennessee, United States.</p><br>
<p>The Federal-style, two-story brick structure was built by Samuel Martin as an inn around 1835, on the site of Captain David Campbells 1787 blockhouse. Just before the Civil War, the inn was sold to Avery Russell, who then used it as a family residence. It remained in the Russell family for six generations. During the Civil War Battle of Campbells Station on November 16, 1863, the house served as a temporary hospital.</p><br>
<p>Although it has had several alterations, the house remains an example of rural East Tennessee architecture. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Alfred Buffat Homestead, also known as The Maples, is a historic home with several surviving outbuildings located on Love Creek Road in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States. Its architectural style is Italianate.</p><br>
<p>Alfred Buffat was a French-Swiss immigrant. He built the first story of The Maples in 1867 for his bride. A second story was added three years later. The house has wood siding, with a modest front porch. The property originally included a grist mill and other buildings. In addition to the main house, the miller&#39;s cottage, smokehouses, wash house, barns and utility buildings are still standing.</p><br>
<p>The house is a private residence, and is not open to the public. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>Old Gray Cemetery is the second-oldest cemetery in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States. Established in 1850, the 13.47 acre cemetery contains the graves of some of Knoxville&#39;s most influential citizens, ranging from politicians and soldiers, to artists and activists. The cemetery is also noted for the Victorian era marble sculpture and elaborate carvings adorning many of the grave markers and headstones. In 1996, the cemetery was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Named for English poet Thomas Gray (1716–1771), Old Gray Cemetery is an example of a so-called garden cemetery, a mid-19th-century style that sought the transition of graveyards from urban churchyards to quiet suburban plots. Unlike its crowded predecessor, the First Presbyterian Church Cemetery, Old Gray features spacious graves, grand monuments, and extensive vegetation, and its layout bears more resemblance to a public park. Playwright Tennessee Williams mentions Old Gray in his short story, "The Man in the Overstuffed Chair," and Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist Peter Taylor alludes to the cemetery in his book, In the Tennessee Country. The cemetery was simply known as "Gray Cemetery" until 1892, when "New" Gray Cemetery was established about a mile away.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>By the 1840s, the garden cemetery movement, driven largely by the fame of Pariss Père Lachaise Cemetery, had gained popularity in France, England, and the United States, as planners in various large cities began building larger, more elaborate cemeteries in their respective cities outskirts and suburbs. During this period, Knoxville&#39;s leaders sought such a cemetery for Knoxville, as many had incorrectly believed the First Presbyterian Church Cemetery (near the center of town) had caused a deadly epidemic in 1838. In February 1850, a board of trustees, led by East Tennessee University president William B. Reese, was appointed to buy land and sell lots for a new cemetery.</p><br>
<p>The site of Old Gray Cemetery was previously pastureland located just outside Knoxvilles northwestern city limits. Only a mile from the citys downtown area, it was considered ideal for a suburban cemetery. The first land for the cemetery was purchased in December 1849, and landscape architect Frederick Douglass was hired to come up with a groundplan. At the suggestion of Reese&#39;s wife, Henrietta, the cemetery was named after English poet Thomas Gray, author of Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery was dedicated on June 1, 1852, with the sale of the first 40 grave lots. The first burial had, however, occurred on July 15 of the previous year, after a local man named William Martin died of wounds from a cannon explosion during the citys Fourth-of-July celebration. Martins grave was not marked, but a small marble memorial in the northwest section of the cemetery recalls the incident.</p><br>
<p>Many of the cemeterys early burials were victims of Knoxvilles 1854 cholera epidemic. The cemetery also contains several dozen victims of the New Market train wreck of 1904. In 1912, the cemetery witnessed one of the largest funeral processions ever conducted in the South, when some 40,000 mourners attended the burial of former Tennessee governor Robert "Fiddlin Bob" Taylor (Taylors grave has since been moved to Johnson City.)</p><br>
<h2>Layout</h2><br>
<p>Old Gray Cemetery is shaped like an awkward pentagon, with a "handle" opening toward its main (eastern) entrance on Broadway. Secondary entrances are located in the northern corner along Tyson Street and in the western corner along Cooper Street. A paved avenue connects all three entrances, and paved roadways twist and turn throughout the cemetery. Roads, trees, and grave plots all follow the natural topography. The National Register-listed St. Johns Lutheran Church stands opposite the cemeterys main entrance.</p><br>
<p>The cemeterys administrative office is located just inside the main gate. Beyond the entrance, the main avenue splits around a circle, which once contained the 20 ft Albers Fountain. The cemeterys perimeter is partially surrounded by a low stone wall, and partially by an iron fence, with double-iron gates and marble posts at the main entrance, and walk-through gates at the secondary entrances. The cemetery&#39;s northwest wall is shared with the adjacent Knoxville National Cemetery.</p><br>
<h2>Monuments</h2><br>
<p>Unlike many modern cemeteries, where the gravemarkers are carved from granite (which is more durable), most of the decorative monuments at Old Gray are carved from marble. While not as durable as granite, marble is softer, and thus lends itself to more elaborate designs. Victorian angels—guardians of the dead—are the most common type of sculpture. Obelisks—which were popular grave monuments during the late 19th-century—are also found throughout the cemetery. Other notable markers include Woodmen of the World monuments—carved to depict undressed tree logs—where were given to the order&#39;s members as part of a life insurance policy. Elaborate crosses are also common, including several celtic crosses.</p><br>
<p>One of the most notable sculptures is the Horne monument, which is a near life-size statue of a Confederate soldier guarding the graves of Confederate veterans William and John Horne. A statue carved by Italian sculptor Antonio Bebelotti graces the graves of the parents of art collector Eleanor Swan Audigier, who obtained the statue while living in Rome. The obelisk of Frank S. Mead, carved by Knoxville sculptor D. H. Geddes, was used on advertisements by Mead&#39;s marble company.</p><br>
<h2>Notable interments</h2><br>
<p>For years, visitors to the Old Gray Cemetery have commented on the various "adversaries" buried within sight of one another. Among the most well-known of these are Knoxville businessman Joseph Alexander Mabry, Jr., his son Joseph Alexander Mabry III, and Mechanics National Bank president Thomas OConnor, all three of whom were killed in an 1882 shootout discussed in Mark Twain&#39;s Life on the Mississippi. The family plots of two bitter Civil War rivals, pro-Unionist William "Parson" Brownlow and pro-secessionist John Hervey Crozier, are separated only by a roadway. Two other Civil War adversaries, Union Army major Eldad Cicero Camp and Confederate colonel Henry Ashby, are also buried at Old Gray, the latter having been killed in a scuffle with Camp in downtown Knoxville in 1868.</p><br>
<p>Cornelius Coffin Williams (1879–1957), father of playwright Tennessee Williams, is buried in the cemetery, and his funeral is discussed in Williamss "The Man in The Overstuffed Chair." Eliza Boond Hodgson (1810–1870), mother of author Frances Hodgson Burnett, is also buried at Old Gray, her grave being one of the few surviving relicts of Burnetts years in the city. Author Peter Taylor mentions a 1916 funeral at a "Knoxville cemetery" for a fictitious politician in his novel, In the Tennessee Country, which may be an allusion to the lavish funeral of his grandfather, Governor Robert Love Taylor, which took place at Old Gray in 1912 (Lot 407).</p><br>
<p>Alexander O. Anderson (1794–1869), USA senator</p><br>
<p>Henry Ashby (1836–1868), Confederate colonel</p><br>
<p>Richard W. Austin (1857–1919), USA congressman</p><br>
<p>Lloyd Branson (1853–1925; Lot 916), Knoxville artist</p><br>
<p>William G. "Parson" Brownlow (1805–1877; Lot 57), Tennessee governor and USA senator, editor of the Knoxville Whig</p><br>
<p>Eldad Cicero Camp (1839–1920), Knoxville businessman, founder of the Coal Creek Coal Company</p><br>
<p>William Caswell (1846–1926), Confederate general</p><br>
<p>William Montgomery Churchwell (1826–1862; Lot 43), USA congressman, president of the failed Bank of East Tennessee in the 1850s</p><br>
<p>John Hervey Crozier (1812–1889; Lot 35), USA congressman</p><br>
<p>Perez Dickinson (1813–1901), Knoxville businessman, founder of the city&#39;s Board of Trade</p><br>
<p>Hubert Frederick Fisher (1877–1941) USA congressman, football coach (University of Tennessee 1902–1903)</p><br>
<p>John M. Fleming (1832–1900), newspaper editor and state legislator</p><br>
<p>Margaret Elizabeth Crozier "Lizzie" French (1851–1926; Lot 302), womens suffragist leader, founder of Knoxvilles Ossoli Circle</p><br>
<p>William Henry Fizer (1861–1937), Thoroughbred racehorse trainer who won the 1907 Kentucky Derby</p><br>
<p>William Heiskell (1788–1871; Lot 186), post-Civil War Speaker of the Tennessee House of Representatives</p><br>
<p>Leonidas Houk (1836–1891), USA congressman</p><br>
<p>Thomas William Humes (1815–1892), president of East Tennessee University, oversaw school&#39;s transition into the University of Tennessee</p><br>
<p>Peter Kern (1835–1907), Mayor of Knoxville and founder of Kern&#39;s Bakery</p><br>
<p>Joseph Knaffl (1861–1938), photographer</p><br>
<p>Joseph Alexander Mabry, Jr. (1826–1882), Knoxville businessman, builder of Mabry-Hazen House, helped establish Market Square (his name appears as "Joseph Alexander Mabry, Sr." on his monument)</p><br>
<p>Lena B. Mathes (1861–1951), educator, social reformer, and ordained Baptist minister</p><br>
<p>Horace Maynard (1814–1882), USA congressman and postmaster general</p><br>
<p>Charles McClung (1761–1835), pioneer surveyor who laid out Knoxville in the 1790s; grave moved here by his descendants in 1904</p><br>
<p>Lee McClung (1870–1914), Yale football standout and 22nd Treasurer of the United States</p><br>
<p>Charles McClung McGhee (1828–1907), Knoxville railroad magnate, founder of Lawson McGhee Library</p><br>
<p>Frank Seymour Mead (1864–1936), Knoxville businessman, founder of Republic Marble Company</p><br>
<p>Thomas A. R. Nelson (1812–1873; Lot 882), USA congressman</p><br>
<p>William Rule (1839–1928), Knoxville mayor, founder of the Knoxville Journal</p><br>
<p>Edward J. Sanford (1831–1902), Knoxville businessman</p><br>
<p>William Henry Sneed (1812–1869), USA congressman</p><br>
<p>Peter Staub (1827–1904), Knoxville mayor and businessman, established Staubs Theater, Knoxvilles first opera house</p><br>
<p>Oliver Perry Temple (1820–1907; Lot 488), attorney, judge, and economic promoter</p><br>
<p>Jacob Montgomery Thornburgh (1837–1890), USA congressman</p><br>
<p>William Isaac Thomas (1863–1947), Professor of Sociology</p><br>
<p>Charles McGhee Tyson (1889–1918), World War I pilot who was shot down and killed while patrolling the North Sea in 1918 and later became the namesake of McGhee Tyson Airport</p><br>
<p>Lawrence Tyson (1861–1929), World War I general and USA senator.</p><br>
<p>Catherine Wiley (1879–1958), Knoxville artist</p><br>
<p>Joseph Lanier Williams (1810–1865), USA congressman.</p><br>
<p>The Calvary Episcopal Church is located at 3766 Clifton Avenue, in the Clifton. It is part of the Clifton Avenue Historic District. Its Sunday School is a historic building listed in the National Register on March 3, 1980.</p><br>
<p>Calvary Episcopal Church began in a small, frame schoolhouse on the eastern side of Clifton Avenue. The first services were held in 1844. Four years later, a frame church was built at the northwest corner of Clifton and Lafayette Avenue and was named "The Clifton Chapel". The "Calvery" church was incorporated in 1863 according to the statutes of the State of Ohio. Construction began in 1866 and was completed in 1867, the first building committee chairman was Henry Probasco. Construction cost was approximately $88,300.</p><br>
<p>The gothic revival style of the church was complementary to the mansions of the neighborhood. The tower and bell were donated by Mr. and Mrs. Henry Probasco in memory of their brother, Tyler Davidson. Other church memorials still utter the names of the Shoenbergers, the Probascos, the Resors, the Neaves and the Bowlers.</p><br>
<p>It is one of multiple places associated with architect Samuel Hannaford that were listed on the National Register as part of a 1978 Thematic Resource study.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Hulda Regina Graser (1870-1943), Canadian-born American customs house broker, was a parishioner</p><br>
<p>Hill–Stead Museum is a Colonial Revival house and art museum set on a large estate at 35 Mountain Road in Farmington, Connecticut. It is best known for its French Impressionist masterpieces, architecture, and stately grounds. The property was designated a National Historic Landmark as a nationally significant example of Colonial Revival architecture, built in 1901 to designs that were the result of a unique collaboration between Theodate Pope Riddle, one of the United States first female architects, and the renowned firm of McKim, Mead & White. The house was built for Riddles father, Alfred Atmore Pope, and the art collection it houses was collected by Pope and Riddle.</p><br>
<h2>House and museum</h2><br>
<p>Hill–Stead was created on 250 acre as a country estate for wealthy industrialist Alfred Atmore Pope, to the designs of his daughter Theodate Pope Riddle. Egerton Swartwout of the architectural firm McKim, Mead, and White translated her design into a working site plan, and construction took place over the period of 1898 to 1901.</p><br>
<p>Theodate inherited the house after her parents&#39; deaths, and prior to her own passing in 1946 willed Hill–Stead Museum as a memorial to her parents and "for the benefit and enjoyment of the public". She directed that both the house and its contents remain intact, not to be moved, lent, or sold.</p><br>
<p>Hill–Stead comprises 152 acre, the balance having been sold off during the first years of the museum&#39;s operation. Buildings which remain part of the property include the Pope-Riddle House itself (a large 33,000 ft&sup2; mansion built in the Colonial Revival style and once described as "a great new house on a hilltop" by novelist and occasional guest Henry James); an 18th-century farm house; a carriage garage with an Arts and Crafts theater; a barn and additional farm buildings.</p><br>
<p>Hill–Steads grounds were originally designed in consultation with landscape architect Warren H. Manning and feature a broad lawn with ha-ha and slate walkway; artificial pond; and formal, octagonal flower garden. Around 1920, landscape gardener Beatrix Farrand redesigned the estates Sunken Garden (1 acre) at Theodates request. Due to the wartime labor shortage experienced during the 1940s, the garden grassed over leaving only the summerhouse in place. Though it was replanted in time, it was not until the 1980s that the Sunken Garden was restored to exhibit Farrands original plan.</p><br>
<h2>National Historic Landmark</h2><br>
<p>Hill–Stead was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1991. The Hill-Stead has also been the venue of one of the longest running poetry festivals in the country, the Sunken Garden Festival.</p><br>
<p>Long Island , also known as Long Island of the Holston, is an island in the Holston River at Kingsport in East Tennessee. Important in regional history since pre-colonial times, the island is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is designated as a USA National Historic Landmark District.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Long Island is located across the main channel of the South Branch Holston River from downtown Kingsport. It is about 4 mi in length, and has a maximum width of about 0.5 mi. A secondary channel, known locally as the Sluice, forms the southern border of the island. Bridges carry Tennessee State Route 126 across both channels about 2/3 of the way south on the island, and a third bridge carries Jared Drive to the mainland near its southern tip. The area south of SR 126 is mostly occupied by Eastman Chemical.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Long Island of the Holston River was an important site for the Cherokee and their ancestors, as this had been part of their homelands for thousands of years. Their territory extended into present-day western North and South Carolina, and northeast Georgia. It was a sacred council and treaty site among the Cherokee.</p><br>
<p>In addition, European colonial pioneers and early settlers of the region also used the island for its strategic location. The Timberlake Expedition of 1761–62 used it as its point of origin and return. Daniel Boone, in 1775, began from the Long Island to clear the Wilderness Road, which extended through the Cumberland Gap into Kentucky.</p><br>
<p>During the Revolution, the Cherokee allied with the British, in the hope of expelling colonists from their territory. They defeated frontiersmen in July 1776. William Cocke, who had worked with Boone and led fights against the Cherokee, sold the island in 1776 to Samuel Woods but he did not have a right to do so.</p><br>
<p>European-American settlers built Fort Patrick Henry on the north bank of the South Fork of the Holston River. Colonel William Christian commanded 2,000 men in a punitive expedition against the Cherokee towns, suppressing their resistance. The 1777 Treaty of Long Island (Avery Treaty) stated that the Cherokee still owned the land of Long Island, but they relinquished all claims to other land occupied by whites in east Tennessee. That year Colonel John Martin was appointed as the US Indian Agent and established a trading post on Long Island. He lived there for a decade with his Indian wife Betsy Ward.</p><br>
<p>The island became a jumping off point for settlers going west by the rivers, including to middle Tennessee and what was developed as Cumberland County. Migrants would reach this area by overland travel, then build flatboats or barges to continue west by water, down the Tennessee River. Such boat-building stimulated the development of the community of Christianville, on the north bank of the Holston and the western end of Long Island.</p><br>
<p>On January 7, 1806 Henry Dearborn, Secretary of War to President Thomas Jefferson, purchased the island from the Cherokee people on behalf of the United States. It was part of an attempt to settle the western border of the nation. Samuel Woodss descendants succeeded in acquiring the land from the US government in 1810. Richard Netherland, husband of one of Woodss descendants, bought the land from Woods&#39;s relatives. He developed a plantation and began industries on the island.</p><br>
<p>In 1822 the European-American settlements near here, Christianville and Rossville, were chartered together as the Town of Kingsport; it developed as an important regional shipping port on the Holston River in the early 19th century. Goods brought in from the surrounding countryside were loaded onto barges for transport downstream to the Holston&#39;s confluence with the Tennessee River (at Knoxville), from where they were shipped to other markets. The young town lost its charter, however, after a downturn in its fortunes precipitated by the Civil War.</p><br>
<h3>20th century to present</h3><br>
<p>During the Prohibition era, the island gained a reputation as a site for violence and bootlegging. Smugglers could easily use the river to come and go with their goods.</p><br>
<p>In 1960 Long Island of the Holston was declared a National Historic Landmark District because of its significance in indigenous and United States history.</p><br>
<p>Through the latter 20th century, much of Long Island was developed for heavy industry, especially by Eastman Chemical Company. This dramatically changed its appearance, and few residences or other historic structures remain. Most of the trees and other vegetation were removed from this area. In 1996 National Park Service staff recommended "delisting", removing the district as a National Historic Landmark because of the loss of the island&#39;s historic integrity. But it has retained the NHL designation.</p><br>
<p>On July 16, 1976, the city of Kingsport returned 3.61 acres on the island, described as "Sacred Cherokee ground", to the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (EBCI), a federally recognized tribe based in Western North Carolina. Two other Cherokee tribes are based in Oklahoma, where their ancestors were removed by US military forces in the 1830s.</p><br>
<p>This parcel is part of a city park on the western end of the island. The park also has ball fields and other recreational amenities. As noted above, the US had acquired the island from the Cherokee in 1806 and sold it into private ownership.</p><br>
<p>The EBCI is the only federally recognized tribe in North Carolina. Since the late 20th century, it has worked to re-acquire sacred sites and former territory of the Cherokee homelands in this region. In western North Carolina, it has acquired several sites containing sacred platform mounds, believed to have been built 1000 years ago or more.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>Most of the island lies within the corporate boundaries of Kingsport. Long Island&#39;s population peaked between 1955 and 1963, holding 517 residences and approximately 1,800 people at the time. As of 2019, only a handful of houses remain on the island.</p><br>
<p>The Benjamin Haines House, also known as the Haines Farmstead and the Haddon-Scott House, is one of the oldest buildings in the Town of Montgomery in Orange County, New York, United States. It is located at 114 Coleman Road southeast of the village of Walden.</p><br>
<p>Note: This includes</p><br>
<p>Built by Haines around 1750, the house later passed into the ownership of the Haddon and then Scott families. Members of the latter owned it until 1994. Improvements and renovations in the early 19th century gave it a Greek Revival look.</p><br>
<p>It has been on the National Register of Historic Places since 1996.</p><br>
<p>The Converse Memorial Library &ndash; also known as Converse Memorial Building &ndash; is a historically significant building designed by noted American architect Henry Hobson Richardson. From 1885 to 1996, it housed the Malden Public Library, which now occupies a modern building adjacent to it. The former library is located at 36 Salem Street, Malden, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>The building was a gift of Elisha S. and Mary D. Converse in memory of their murdered son, Frank Eugene Converse, who was the victim of the first bank robbery/murder in North America. It was constructed 1883-1885 in an overall L-shape, with a facade of brown Longmeadow sandstone, a tower rising from the Ls inner corner, and a heavily arched entry porch set within the Ls short arm. The main library room is 50 x 36 feet and finished in elaborately carved white oak with a high, vaulted ceiling. Its furniture was designed by Richardson and manufactured by the Boston firm of A. H. Davenport and Company.</p><br>
<p>In 1896 two additions were made to the building, designed by Richardson&#39;s successor firm, Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge. One gable-roofed wing extends the building to the rear, along Park Street, following the same general lines of the existing structure. The other addition was a flat-roofed rectangular stack area also attached to the rear. An octagonal gallery space further extended the rear in 1916, designed by Newhall & Blevins.</p><br>
<p>The Converse Memorial Building was the last of Richardson&#39;s library designs, and is generally considered among his finest works. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1987.</p><br>
<h2>In Popular Culture</h2><br>
<p>The interior of the library&#39;s historic wing provided the setting for a scene in the movie Ted 2, starring Mark Wahlberg and Amanda Seyfried.</p><br>
<p>The Ames Free Library is a public library designed by noted American architect Henry Hobson Richardson. It is located at 53 Main Street, Easton, Massachusetts, immediately adjacent to another Richardson building, Oakes Ames Memorial Hall.</p><br>
<p>In 2016 the Ames Free Library won the Best Small Library in America award from the Library Journal. This award was created in 2005 by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to encourage and showcase outstanding libraries serving populations of fewer than 25,000. This marks the second time the library has won this award.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On the death of Oliver Ames Jr., he left $50,000 for the construction of a library.</p><br>
<p>The library was built from 1877 to 1879, although it did not open until March 10, 1883. It is generally rectangular, with broad gable projecting from its north end and a rectangular tower rising where the gable meets the main mass. The gables front facade contains a heavily arched entry on the first floor and a row of five arched windows separated by pairs of short columns above. The facade is light-brown Milford granite laid in random ashlar with reddish-brown Longmeadow brownstone trim. Its roof is red-orange tile. A childrens wing (red brick) was added in 1931, eliminating the original lavatory and document room.</p><br>
<p>Within, the librarys major rooms, stack wing, hall, and reading room are laid out longitudinally. The reading rooms fireplace is primarily by Stanford White, and the stone and bronze medallions of Oliver Ames Jr. were designed by Augustus Saint-Gaudens.</p><br>
<p>Oakes Ames Memorial Hall is a historic hall designed by noted American architect H. H. Richardson, with landscaping by Frederick Law Olmsted. It is located on Main Street in the village of North Easton in Easton, Massachusetts, immediately adjacent to another Richardson building, Ames Free Library.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The hall was built 1879&ndash;81 as a gift to the town from children of Congressman Oakes Ames. It was originally intended for use as a Town Hall but in practice has mainly served as a meeting space for private groups. It was due to dissent amongst different groups in the town at the time that the Oakes Ames Memorial Hall was never used for its intended purpose as the town hall, and to this day the Frothingham House is used for this purpose.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>The structures main facade, altogether 96 ft long by 51 ft deep, presents an arcade of five massive arches with a row of windows set above and an octagonal tower at its right corner. Its first floor is constructed of native, pinkish-gray North Easton granite with Longmeadown brownstone trim. The second floor is brick, with a north-facing dormer half finished in timber and stucco. The steeply peaked roof above is finished in red tile. The fronts third-floor, dormer window is wreathed with sculpted foliage, and displays the initials O. A. and twelve signs of the zodiac.</p><br>
<p>The main hall inside is on the second floor, and 59 ft long by 47 ft wide with a 20 ft height. It contains a stage (26 by 18 feet). This arrangement proved impractical due to inadequate stairway access to the hall. The first floor contains a small meeting room and service rooms; the attic contains a Masonic hall.</p><br>
<p>The Ames Monument is a large pyramid in Albany County, Wyoming, designed by Henry Hobson Richardson and dedicated to brothers Oakes Ames and Oliver Ames Jr., Union Pacific Railroad financiers. It marked the highest point on the first transcontinental railroad, at 8,247 ft.</p><br>
<p>Henry Hobson Richarson designed the monument midway into his career. He was very much inspired by the 12 centuries of France, Italys, and Spains architecture designs. His work was not very known to the public and he did not have a lot of work to do until the 1870, when he helped with Trinity Church and Buffalo asylum.</p><br>
<p>The town of Sherman rose up around it, but then Union Pacific moved its tracks to the south, leaving Sherman to become a ghost town.</p><br>
<p>Oliver served as president of the Union Pacific Railroad from 1866 to 1871, and died soon thereafter.</p><br>
<h2>Richardsonian design</h2><br>
<p>The Ames Monument is located about 20 mi east of Laramie, Wyoming, on a wind-blown, treeless summit south of Interstate 80 at the Vedauwoo exit. The monument is a four-sided, random ashlar pyramid, 60 ft square at the base and 60 ft high, constructed of light-colored native granite. The pyramid features an interior passage, now sealed, alongside the perimeter of the structure&#39;s base.</p><br>
<p>American architect H. H. Richardson designed the pyramid, which includes two 9 ft tall bas-relief portraits of the Ames brothers by sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens on the east and west sides of the pyramid&#39;s top. Saint-Gaudens chiseled the bas-reliefs from Quincy, Massachusetts, granite. The north side, which at one time faced the railroad tracks, displays one-foot-high letters grouted in the granite noting: "In Memory of Oakes Ames and Oliver Ames". The monument is one of a half-dozen or more projects that Richardson did for the Ames family.</p><br>
<p>The pyramid is one of only two examples of Richardsons work west of the Mississippi River, the other being the Isaac H. Lionberger House in St. Louis less than two miles from the river. Richardsons structure employed rough-hewn granite boulders in its construction. The monument&#39;s stones at the base are five feet by eight feet and weigh thousands of pounds each. The pyramid narrows from the base to become progressively smaller towards the top at a ratio of four inches to the foot.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The reasoning for the building of the monument was H.H Richard wanted to honor the Ames Brothers Oliver and Oakes Ames for building and completing the railroads. The rail roads that was built was the first transitional railroad in the Union Pacifics. These rails roads were meant to pass through the mountains of Laramie and Northern Utah.</p><br>
<p>The audacity of building a transcontinental railroad in the 1860s was "todays equivalent of the mission to Mars: Big, expensive and impossible," wrote University of Wyoming historian Phil Roberts. President Abraham Lincoln reportedly told Oakes Ames that if he could get the transcontinental railroad built, he would be "the most remembered man of the century." Lincoln personally recruited Oakes after progress by and financial support for Credit Mobilier of America, the construction company charged with building the railroad, ground to a halt. The Ames brothers succeeded where others failed and completed the transcontinental railway. However, in 1873 charges of financial fraud were leveled at Oakes, tarnishing his reputation and that of the Union Pacific Railroad Companys.</p><br>
<p>Public outcry towards Oakes and other "Kings of Frauds" associated with scandal threatened the Ames family reputation and that of the Ames Company, founded in 1774 to make steel-edged shovels. The company supplied the government with shovels during the Civil War, for excavating the Panama Canal, for mining Pennsylvania coal fields, and for digging the New York City Subway.</p><br>
<p>In 1875, the Union Pacific Railroad board of directors voted to erect the grand Ames Monument, in part to burnish the company&#39;s tarnished reputation.</p><br>
<p>The Norcross Brothers of Worcester, Massachusetts, built the monument, employing some 85 workers who lived on site, "where reportedly no liquor or gambling was allowed."</p><br>
<p>Workers constructed the pyramid about 300 yards south of the tracks on a small knoll. President Rutherford B. Hayes underscored the importance of the transcontinental railroad and thereby the Ames brothers by attending the monument&#39;s dedication ceremony.</p><br>
<p>However, when completed in 1882, the Ames Monument was visited by many persons who were allowed to momentarily leave their trains in order to view the monolithic curiosity. It was said that when the construction of the monument was almost completed, some people had the opportunity of being lifted to the top of the monument by a special rig and from their breezy perch could view the surrounding area for a hundred miles in all directions.</p><br>
<p>When it was finished in the year 1882 the ending cost of the structure was $64,000. Around 12 miles away from the monument they had finished the railroad tracks in the year 1865.</p><br>
<p>In 1885, after finding that the Union Pacific had accidentally built the monument not on one of the plots granted to the corporation by the government, but on one of the alternating plots available for purchase or claim by Homesteaders, local resident William Murphy purchased the land that contained the monument, intending to cover the pyramid with advertising. The Union Pacific Railroad Company contested the purchase, and eventually obtained a special deed to the property in 1889, both frustrating Murphy and bankrupting him through legal proceedings.</p><br>
<h2>Sherman</h2><br>
<p>The small town of Sherman arose at the site north of the tracks where trains stopped to change engines on their transcontinental journey. The stop provided a roundhouse with five stalls and a turntable, two section houses, and a windmill with water tank. Trains were inspected at Sherman before beginning the long descent from the Sherman Pass summit, either east towards Cheyenne or west across the 130 ft high Dale Creek Bridge to the Laramie Valley. The town&#39;s death knell came in 1918. The railroad company closed its station house and relocated the tracks about three miles (5 km) south. Residents soon abandoned Sherman, leaving behind a small cemetery that is still present today.</p><br>
<h2>The monument today</h2><br>
<p>Union Pacific donated the railroad monument to the state of Wyoming in 1983. The structure is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and is maintained as a Wyoming state historic site. Time and possible vandalism have destroyed some of the features of the bas-relief portraits of the Ames brothers on the monument. The Ames Monument is open year-round, weather permitting.</p><br>
<p>Work took place in 2010 and 2011 to restore the monument. On October 31, 2016, the site received National Historic Landmark status.</p><br>
<p>The First Unitarian Church of Philadelphia is a Unitarian Universalist congregation located at 2125 Chestnut Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. As a regional Community Center it sponsors cultural, educational, civic, wellness and spiritual activities.</p><br>
<p>On June 12, 1796, twenty of Philadelphia&#39;s intellectual leaders formed the First Unitarian Society of Philadelphia, becoming the first continuously functioning church in the country to name itself "Unitarian". The founders were directed and encouraged by the Unitarian minister Joseph Priestley, and its first settled minister was the Rev. Dr. William Henry Furness.</p><br>
<h2>William Henry Furness</h2><br>
<p>The small but growing congregation was lay-led until 1825, when Rev. Dr. William Henry Furness was persuaded to serve as the first minister at the age of 22. Starting in the 1830s, Furness became one of the few abolitionist ministers in the city, known for his anti-slave sermons and Underground Railroad activities. His speeches were so impassioned that both he and the congregation feared reprisals from Southern sympathizers, so several members of the church quietly armed themselves and watched over the pulpit on Sundays. His attacks on the Fugitive Slave Law drew discussion in one of President Buchanan&#39;s cabinet meetings of indicting the minister for treason. Furness served as minister for 50 years, and remained involved in the church until his death in 1898.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<h3>First building (1813–1828)</h3><br>
<p>The Octagon Building (begun March 1812, dedicated February 14, 1813): The first church building, located at the northeast corner of 10th & Locust, was designed by Robert Mills, thought to be the first architect born and trained in the United States. Its octagonal shape was unusual for Philadelphia, however it followed the pattern of Unitarian churches in England such as the Octagon Chapel, Norwich (1756, Thomas Ivory) and Octagon Chapel, Liverpool (1763). These typically used an octagonal design in a symbolic move away from the traditional cross-shaped floor plans of orthodox Christian churches. The construction cost was approximately $25,000 and the finished church seated 300 people.</p><br>
<h3>Second building (1828–1885)</h3><br>
<p>Desiring a larger and more elegant edifice to reflect the growth of the congregation, church members voted to construct a second building. Using the same location (10th & Locust), the cornerstone of the "Doric Building" was laid on March 24, 1828. Greek Revival architecture was then very popular. Designed by William Strickland, this building was described in contemporary books as one of the most outstanding churches in the city. Dedicated on November 5, 1828, this remained the congregation&#39;s worship space until moving to the present site at 2125 Chestnut Street in 1885.</p><br>
<h3>Third building (1885–present)</h3><br>
<p>Frank Furness, the architect of The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts and son of the Churchs first minister, designed the current church building. Begun in 1883, and dedicated in 1885, it was completed in 1886. The tall pyramidal tower/porte cochere at the churchs southeast corner was removed in the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The sanctuary features a hammer-beam ceiling, painted rust red and stenciled with gold-leaf daffodils, which is complemented by blue walls. The church&#39;s stained glass windows are by Louis Tiffany & Co. and John La Farge. Later additions include a concert-grade Casavant pipe organ with 3 manuals and 50 ranks. In addition to the sanctuary, the building also contains a basement level housing Griffin Hall, which includes a stage and commercial-size kitchen. The rear portion of the building contains the Parish Room for meetings, and a smaller chapel. The mezzanine and 3rd floors contain a variety of offices, meeting rooms, storage, and daycare facilities.</p><br>
<h2>Notable members</h2><br>
<p>Frances Ellen Watkins Harper, the first woman of African descent to have her writings published in the United States, was a member of First Church from 1870 until her death in 1911. She is best known for her fiction and poetry, but was also a political activist and lecturer who promoted, civil rights, temperance, and women&#39;s rights.</p><br>
<p>Laura Matilda Towne, was one of the first Northern women to go south to work with freed slaves. Towne opened the Penn School, the first school for freedmen, while the Civil War was raging. Unlike most of those who went south at the time, Laura Towne made a life for herself on St. Helena Island, South Carolina, and ran the Penn School until her death in 1901.</p><br>
<p>Kevin Bacon was raised at the First Unitarian Church of Philadelphia and had his first acting debut in a holiday pageant.</p><br>
<h2>Notable events</h2><br>
<p>The day after John Brown was executed, his body came to Philadelphia for a private vigil attended by William Henry Furness, then was taken to North Elba, New York, and buried. National Archivist, V. Chapman-Smith writes, "A supporter of John Brown, who reached out to provide comfort and aid to Browns wife, Furness was a prominent speaker at the Philadelphia "Martyr Day" (December 2, 1859) vigil at National Hall. Furness zeal against the 1850 Fugitive Slave Law captured attention at one of President Buchanan&#39;s cabinet meetings, where consideration was given to indicting Furness for treason!"</p><br>
<p>When Martin Luther King Jr. was a seminary student in nearby Chester, Pennsylvania, he attended a lecture by Dr. Mordecai Johnson about how Mohandas K. Gandhi integrated Henry David Thoreaus theory of non-violent civil disobedience that inspired Kings non-violent protests for civil rights. This lecture was reputed to have taken place at the First Unitarian Church in Philadelphia, but recent information uncovered by historian Patrick Duff in 2020 proved that this church was in fact the site of the lecture. The lecture took place on November 19th of 1950 at 3:45 pm. King was so moved by the speech that he followed Dr. Johnson back to the Fellowship House where they spoke into the night.</p><br>
<p>In April 2006, the church officially became a "Welcoming Congregation" to the bisexual, transgender, lesbian, and gay community. In 2007, Nathan C. Walker became its first openly gay minister.</p><br>
<p>In July 2010, executives from Monsanto visited the church to discuss the adoption of a code of ethics for the field of biotechnology, a sort of Hippocratic oath, akin to a doctor&#39;s pledge to "do no harm".</p><br>
<p>In February 2016, as part of a nationwide effort among UU congregations, the congregation unanimously adopted the following statement of support for the Black Lives Matter movement:</p><br>
<p>In line with our commitment to affirming the inherent worth and dignity of all people, we, the First Unitarian Church of Philadelphia, declare that black lives matter. We support the Black Lives Matter movement and pledge our congregations dedication to participating in anti-racist, anti-oppression work within our own community; to acknowledging our denominations and our congregations checkered racial history; and to serving as allies, witnesses, and partners in our countrys continued struggle for racial justice and equity.</p><br>
<p>A corresponding banner was installed on the church porch, facing Chestnut Street.</p><br>
<h2>Settled ministers</h2><br>
<h2>Culture and civic life</h2><br>
<p>First Unitarian is a regional community center that provides meeting space on a non-discriminatory basis for many different groups and activities: yoga and aerobics classes, meditation, Narcotics Anonymous meetings, forums by the Americans for Democratic Action and Common Cause, Black Women&#39;s Art Festival, Islamic Relief Day of Dignity, Philadelphia Fringe Festival events, and citywide vigils honoring victims of violence in Philadelphia.</p><br>
<p>First Unitarian is home to a concert-grade Casavant pipe organ. With its convenient Center City location, First Church is known as a prime entertainment venue for all ages: Music-for-Children classes, classical music concerts by Dolce Suono, and for young indie rock fans, alternative and punk rock concerts. Music and Arts at First Philadelphia are among the strongest and most diverse of the Center City Philadelphia Churches.</p><br>
<p>In November 2007, Rolling Stone magazine featured the church as one of the top alternative rock venues thanks to the success of the events organized by R5 Productions in the basement, chapel, and sanctuary. Since the mid-90s, the church&#39;s basement, Griffin Hall, known colloquially as "The Church" or simply "First Unitarian" by show goers, has been a popular venue for small-scale independent music concerts in the city. The concerts have featured mostly punk and indie rock artists in the past but have expanded to include other genres as well.</p><br>
<h2>Children and daycare centers</h2><br>
<p>First Church is the longtime home of two daycare centers: the and. Both centers boast long-tenured staff. Members of First Church founded the Beacon Center in the early 1980s to exemplify the values of the church.</p><br>
<p>First Unitarian also draws parents of young children and youth with religious education programs that promote value-based learning about one&#39;s responsibility to one another and to the Earth. The Neighboring Faiths program teaches teens about the importance of other religious traditions and thereby promotes open-mindedness and respect. Child dedications, conducted with a thornless rose, are a special rite of passage for Unitarian Universalist families.</p><br>
<p>Woburn Public Library, previously known as the Winn Memorial Library  is a National Historic Landmark in Woburn, Massachusetts. Designed by architect H. H. Richardson, the Romanesque Revival building was a bequest of the Winn family. It houses the Woburn Public Library, an institution that was established in 1856. The library is also home to the Dr. Thomas J. Glennon Archives. The Glennon Archives holds many important records dating back to Woburns early history in the 1600s. The Archives maintains more than two hundred separate manuscript collections relating to Woburns history, several special collections of books including a rare book collection, tens of thousands of photographs, published genealogies, broadsides, maps, ephemera, and museum objects. Many of the Archives&#39; museum objects can be viewed in the, located in the Octagon Room of the Richardson Building.</p><br>
<p>In 2019, the library completed a $33 million renovation project, adding an additional 30,500 square feet to complement the historic Richardson Building. The new addition includes an innovative Maker Space, a Teen Room, a Program Room, a climate-controlled Archives and Reading Room, and a spacious Children&#39;s Department which is complemented by a craft room and play area. The library was subsequently honored with a 2023 AIA/ALA Award for Library Design.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The library is properly called the "Woburn Public Library." The Winn family paid to construct the building and provide an endowment for the library but specifically requested that it not be named for them. Nevertheless, Richardson signed his plans "Winn Library," and it remains known in architectural circles as "Winn Memorial Library." The inscription in the entrance porch reads: "This building was erected in memory of Jonathan Bowers Winn from funds bequeathed by his son, for the use, benefit and improvement of the people of Woburn."</p><br>
<p>It was built between 1876 and 1879 and was the first in a series of libraries designed by Richardson. In it he established a characteristic basilical plan for such buildings: an off-axis entrance marked by a staircase tower; a vestibule opening into a high-ceilinged reception area; reading room(s) adjacent to the stacks; and an optional art gallery. The building was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1987 in recognition of its architectural significance.</p><br>
<p>The librarys main (south) facade presents a long, two-story stack wing to the west (left), slit windows on the first story with a strip of clerestory windows separated by columns above, all below a peaked roof. The gable-ended crossing (center) features a trio of arched double windows on the first story, a line of seven arched single windows above, and an attached High Victorian tower. On the opposite side of the tower is the arch of the entrance porch. The easternmost section is an attached two-and-a-half-story octagonal wing that houses the librarys. The building&#39;s polychromatic exterior is constructed of brownstone trimmed with lighter stone, sometimes laid in bands, and set in alternating colors over the main arches and the entrance porch. This is all beneath a red tile roof trimmed with bronze cresting, with crocketed ribs on the roofs of the tower and museum.</p><br>
<p>The interior features a reception room/picture gallery with the museum to the right and a trio of reading rooms to the left. Beyond the reading rooms are the two-story stacks that feature a tall 6-arch arcade on each side, topped by a wooden barrel-vaulted ceiling. There are curved staircases at the four corners of the stacks, in addition to the main stair in the tower.</p><br>
<p>A statue of native son and notable scientist Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, stands on the main lawn before the library.</p><br>
<p>The Jewell Building is a city landmark in North Omaha, Nebraska. Built in 1923, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Located at 2221 North 24th Street, the building was home to the Dreamland Ballroom for more than 40 years, and featured performances by many touring jazz and blues legends, including Duke Ellington, Count Basie, Louis Armstrong, Dizzy Gillespie, and Lionel Hampton.</p><br>
<p>The building has been designated as a Landmark by the City of Omaha, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is an example of the kind of venue that was integral to the cultural transmission and interchange of musical styles and art, especially in the years before television. In addition such entertainment centers were the chief ways that musicians, both local and national, earned enough to make livings.</p><br>
<h2>About</h2><br>
<p>Located at 2221-2225 North 24th Street in the Near North Side neighborhood of Omaha, the Jewell Building was built in 1923 by James Jewell Sr., an influential man in the local African-American community. Architect Frederick A. Henninger designed the building in the vernacular Georgian Revival style. It originally featured commercial spaces on the first floor, as well as the Dreamland Ballroom on the second floor.</p><br>
<p>In 1945 Dreamland Ballroom was used as a USO center for African-American soldiers. It continued to be used for music performances until 1965.</p><br>
<p>The Omaha Economic Development Council (OEDC) restored the building in the early 1980s. It was designated as a landmark by the City of Omaha on September 9, 1980, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. For several years, the Jewell Building housed OEDC&#39;s corporate headquarters and served as an office center for professional people and small businesses. Two private apartments were kept in the building.</p><br>
<h2>Dreamland Ballroom</h2><br>
<p>Located on the second floor of the Jewell Building, the Dreamland Ballroom was the premier nightclub for big bands and jazz in Omaha. James Jewell Jr. booked the original Nat King Cole Trio for $25 a person for one show. Other performers included Dinah Washington, Earl Hines, Duke Ellington, Count Basie, Louis Armstrong, Dizzy Gillespie, and Lionel Hampton. A variety of Omaha music legends including Preston Love, Anna Mae Winburn and Lloyd Hunter also played at the Dreamland. The ballroom closed in the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>James Jewell was an influential man in the black community, and he invited activist Whitney Young to speak in the 1950s at Dreamland Hall about the Civil Rights Movement. Young started in Omaha and became the national director of the Urban League.</p><br>
<p>The Alexander Bishop House, sometimes called the Donelson-Bishop House, is a historic home located in the Powell community of Knox County, Tennessee, United States. Built in 1793 by pioneer Stockley Donelson , the house is one of the oldest in Knox County. Alexander Bishop, the houses namesake, purchased it in 1856, and his descendants have maintained it ever since. In 1997, the house was added to the National Register of Historic Places as an example of late eighteenth-century architecture and for its role in the regions settlement.</p><br>
<p>The house is a notable surviving example of a late eighteenth century double-pen long house. The oldest part of the house still contains several features common to early frontier houses, such as full dovetail joints, fireplaces with stone foundations, boxed stairs, and broad floorboards. The house was originally oriented toward old Jacksboro Pike, which passed through the area roughly along what is now Pedigo Road. Sometime after 1825, the house was combined with an adjacent log house. The clapboard siding was added by Bishop during the latter half of the nineteenth century.</p><br>
<p>Stockley Donelson, the house&#39;s builder, was the son of Middle Tennessee pioneer John Donelson, and brother of Rachel Jackson, wife of Andrew Jackson. In 1796, Donelson sold the house to early Knoxville surveyor Charles McClung. McClung sold the house to Mrs. Charles Curd in 1825, and her family in turn sold the house to Bishop in 1856. Bishop moved to Texas in 1879, and the house was given to his son.</p><br>
<p>The Caswell–Taylor House was a historic home located at 803 North Fourth Avenue in the Fourth and Gill neighborhood of Knoxville, Tennessee. It is also known as The Governor&#39;s House, as it was the home of Governor Robert Love Taylor for several years.</p><br>
<p>The house included a variety of architectural styles, including Queen Anne, Late Victorian and Eastlake. The property, a private residence, was on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Daniel House is a historic home located at 2701 Woodson Drive in Knoxville, Tennessee. It was designed in 1948–1949 by James W. Fitzgibbon, and constructed by George W. Qualls.</p><br>
<p>The structure was uniquely built into a hillside from salvaged Quonset hut structural supports. The Daniels sold it to Neal Cantrell in 1961. Cantrell died in 1970 and his family let the property deteriorate. In 1982, architect Peter Calandruccio bought it for $37,000 and began renovation. In 1986, Fine Homebuilding magazine published Calandruccio&#39;s extensive account of the renovations.</p><br>
<p>Donald Renfroe bought it for $175,000 in 1993. Previous owner Alexis Walsh owned the home since purchasing it from Johnny Miller in July 2008, and subsequently it was renovated again, including the installation of a new roof. It was sold in 2015 to Candace Avery who is the current owner.</p><br>
<p>The house was designed in the Moderne architectural style (as opposed to Modern Architecture). Its use of indigenous East Tennessee materials and its Streamline Moderne style have been described as "distinctive". It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>The General John T. Wilder House is a historic home located at 2027 Riverside Drive in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States. It was constructed by Union General John T. Wilder, leader of the 17th Indiana Volunteers  who fought in the Civil War Battle of Chickamauga.</p><br>
<p>General Wilder built the home in 1904, presumably as a summer home since he already owned a home in the Fort Sanders neighborhood of Knoxville. The home is on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>He was appointed by four USA Presidents (Grant, McKinley, Roosevelt and Taft) to administer pensions in East Tennessee. Along with his friend, Capt. Hiram S. Chamberlain of Knox County, he also purchased over 700 acres of land in Roane County, Tennessee. They founded Rockwood, Tennessee, and the Roane Iron Company. He also had interests in cement, mining and banking around Knoxville, as well as a hotel atop Roan Mountain, Tennessee.</p><br>
<p>The Captain George Conrad Flavel House is a house built in 1901 in Astoria, Oregon. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built by Joseph W. Suprenant, but the identity of the architect is unknown. George Conrad Flavel was the son of George Flavel (1824–1893), also a captain. George Conrad Flavel lived in the house until his death in 1923, and Winona Callendar Flavel (1861–1944) continued to reside there until her death in 1944. Harry M. Flavel (1886–1951 or 1886–1957) lived in this house as a child and then again from 1924 – after inheriting it from his father – until his death (in 1951 or 1957).</p><br>
<p>After Harry Flavel&#39;s death, his wife, Florence (née Sherman) and their two children, Mary Louise and Harry S., were the only residents of the house. In 1947, Harry S., at age 20, attacked a neighbor with a hatchet, The city then proceeded to board-up the house and carry out an inspection. Foreclosure proceedings followed in late 2013.</p><br>
<p>The house was sold in May 2015 to local Astoria businessman Greg Newenhof. Mr. Newenhof said that he plans to restore the house in order to move in and live at the property as his residence. When asked how long the restoration might take he replied, "Probably the rest of my life." Unfortunately Mr. Newenhof passed unexpectedly in Astoria January 28, 2018. It is unknown if his heirs will continue with the restoration.</p><br>
<p>The Barnsdall Main Street Well  is a formerly active oil well in the middle of Main Street in the town of Barnsdall, Oklahoma. It is believed to be the only such oil well anywhere in the world. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places  on October 1, 1997, as part of the "Energy Related Resources in Northeastern Oklahoma Multiple Property Submission". According to signage at the site, the well was completed on March 18, 1914, with a depth of 1771 feet. It remained active until the 1960s.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Barnsdall Main Street Well actually sits on Main Street, 28 feet west of 8th Street in northwest Barnsdall. According to the NRHP application, "...this is the only publicly accessible historic well site in the Barnsdall oil field." It was listed under NRHP Criterion A, with a period of significance of 1914-1930. The application also states that at maximum production, this well could have produced 8 to 10 barrels of oil per day.</p><br>
<p>The pumping unit that is now on site is not the original "flathead" model, which was replaced sometime after 1962. The more modern unit is skid mounted whose prime mover (an electric motor), gears, wellhead connections and rods appear in good condition, though the unit no longer operates. The unit is surrounded by a 4 feet high chain-link fence, blocking access to the pump area.</p><br>
<p>The NRHP application states that the fact that the pump and fence are not original (and therefore not contributing resources) do not compromise the site&#39;s integrity. The explanation is that the original casing head is still in place and that it marks the exact location of the well. Moreover, the location and setting have not changed appreciably since the period of significance.</p><br>
<h2>Indian Territory Illuminating Oil Company</h2><br>
<p>Indian Territory Illuminating Oil Company (“ITIO”) may be said to date back to 1895 when Edwin B. Foster signed a massive 1.5 million acre lease covering the whole Osage Nation reservation (present-day Osage County, Oklahoma). The two companies which operated the lease lands were combined to form ITIO in 1901. Edwin’s successor, Henry V. Foster, divided the entire Osage lease into blocks three miles long east to west and one-half mile wide north to south, and subleased them to other companies on a bonus and royalty basis. He ultimately leased to seventy-five separate companies while retaining a number of leases for ITIO itself to develop. In 1903, Theodore N. Barnsdall bought 51 percent of stock in the company. The company did well from this point, and obtained renewal of the Osage lease in 1906, albeit limited to 680,000 acres on the reservation’s east side. Barnsdall’s 51% was eventually sold to a subsidiary of Cities Service Company. The Osage lease was lost in 1916, but the company began operations in other areas of Oklahoma, such as the vicinity of Seminole. ITIO was responsible for the Oklahoma City Oil Field discovery well, brought in on December 4, 1928, and the company became a major player in that area. Cities Service Company acquired Foster’s and all remaining stock by 1940, and merged ITIO operations into other companies.</p><br>
<p>Hannah Connell Barker  was an early resident of Boulder, Colorado. Barker was a teacher, civic leader, businesswoman and land developer in an era when industrious women were not commonly recognized for their contributions. Among other things, Barker served as a teacher; as director of the Boulder Bank; and was instrumental in platting and developing significant parts of the City of Boulder. She also owned the land that was used for the construction of Barker Meadow Reservoir, Boulder&#39;s primary source of water.</p><br>
<h2>Early life</h2><br>
<p>Born in 1844 as Hannah Connell, Barker and her family emigrated from Ireland to Massachusetts in 1852. In 1867, Barker settled in Ward, Colorado, not far from the City of Boulder, Colorado, where she taught school in a saloon, providing a civilizing influence on the children of local miners whose parents did not always have a favorable view of book learning. In 1869, Barker moved to Boulder, Colorado, where she taught in the newly created Boulder Valley School District.</p><br>
<p>In 1877, she married Ezra Barker, a local businessman with extensive real estate holdings, and gave up teaching. Hannah and Ezra Barker had no children together though Ezra had a daughter, Josephine, from a previous marriage. Just six years after their marriage, Ezra Barker died in 1883, leaving most of his property to Hannah Barker. That property included a ranch in Boulder Canyon near the town of Nederland, Colorado. In the early years of the 20th Century, the Central Colorado Power Company wanted to buy the ranch to build a hydroelectric dam to supply electricity to mining camps and the City of Denver. Barker refused to sell the land but was eventually forced to part with it after the city commenced condemnation proceedings. Barker Reservoir, which was completed in 1910, was named for Hannah Barker.</p><br>
<h2>Businesswoman and civic leader</h2><br>
<p>In the 1880s, Barker set to work on a number of significant business endeavors. By 1884, Barker had purchased real estate adjacent to the young City of Boulder and began platting the town of Highland Lawn. Owners were encouraged to plant trees (though not cottonwoods). The town was annexed to the City of Boulder in 1891.</p><br>
<p>In association with several other local women, Hannah Barker formed the Boulder Creamery in 1887. Hannah Barker was appointed to the board of directors of Boulder Bank. In addition to her business endeavors, Barker was involved in numerous civic causes. Barker founded the Boulder Womens Club and was active in the Ladies Literary Society and the Boulder Fortnightly Club. She was also active in supporting Boulders Congregational Church and Columbia Cemetery and was a member of Boulders Colorado Chautauqua Association. In 1911, she donated land to the City of Boulder at the corner of 15th and Spruce Streets for use as Barker Park. Barker was also active in a number of temperance movement causes.</p><br>
<p>Hannah Barker died in Boulder in 1918 of either arteriosclerosis or influenza (or a combination of the two) during the Spanish Flu Pandemic.</p><br>
<h2>Hannah Barker House</h2><br>
<p>Barker lived a great part of her life in a stately home on a large lot in the Highland Lawn subdivision she developed. Ezra Barker purchased the house, located at 800 Arapahoe Avenue and built in 1875, months before he met Hannah Barker in 1877. It is one of the oldest homes in Boulder.</p><br>
<p>On her death, Barker willed the house to her longtime friend, Mary Davidson, who had lived with Barker in the house for many years and who resided in the house until her death in 1923. During the 20th Century the house had been used as a single family residence and an apartment building. At one time, plans were made to use the Hannah Barker House as a bed and breakfast.</p><br>
<p>In 2010, the Hannah Barker House was donated to Historic Boulder.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2019.</p><br>
<p>The Leroy Keener House also known as the Keener-Hunt House is a historic home located at 3506 Woodlawn School Road in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States. Designed in the Federal style, the house was built in 1842 by Leroy Keener. Leroy was an early Knox County farmer. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997 for its architecture and role in the area&#39;s early settlement.</p><br>
<p>The Keener family originated when early settler, Peter Keener, moved to the Seven Islands area from Pennsylvania. The home of Peter Keener, a two-story log structure used to stand nearby on Seven Islands Road. Leroy Keener built his house in 1842, shortly after his marriage to Mary Jane McCallie. Keener&#39;s descendants occupied the house until it was bought by the Kelley Family in 1913. They occupied the house until 1972, then purchased by the Hunt family who still occupy it today.</p><br>
<p>The house is a two-story brick structure. A few outbuildings still stand near the house, including a Well House.</p><br>
<p>Fort Tombecbe , also spelled Tombecbee and Tombeché, was a stockade fort located on the Tombigbee River near the border of French Louisiana, in what is now Sumter County, Alabama. It was constructed under the leadership of Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville in 1736–1737 as trading post about 270 mi upriver from Mobile, on an 80 ft limestone bluff. Fort Tombecbe was built in Choctaw lands and would play a major role in colonial France&#39;s efforts to stop British intrusions into the area. Bienville claimed that the new fort was to protect the Choctaw from the Chickasaw. In May of 1736, Bienville, along with a force of 600 soldiers combined with a force of 600 Choctaw warriors, set out from Fort Tombecbe and attacked the Chickasaw near present-day Tupelo, Mississippi at the Battle of Ackia. Tombecbe was a major French outpost and trade depot among the Choctaw, the largest Native American group in the colony.</p><br>
<p>Control passed to the British in 1763, who renamed it Fort York. In 1793 Spain acquired the site—by then the fort had been abandoned—from the Choctaw via the Treaty of Boukfouka and built a new fort, which was named Fort Confederación. It is also known as Fort Confederation. After the United States took possession, via the 1802 Treaty of Fort Confederation, it continued to be used as a trading post with the Choctaws until its eventual abandonment in the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The Fort Tombecbe site is currently owned by the University of West Alabama and the Archaeological Conservancy, and operated by the staff of the Black Belt Museum.</p><br>
<p>The Wise County Courthouse is located at 206 East Main Street in downtown Wise, Virginia. As well as being home to Wise County&#39;s judicial system, it also serves as the chief administrative building for the county. It was built in 1896 to replace a much smaller court building. The original courthouse was completed in 1858, two years after the formation of Wise County, but was destroyed by Union troops during the Civil War in 1864. The current courthouse was designed in the Renaissance style of architecture.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981.</p><br>
<p>The Belair Mansion, located in the historic Collington area and in Bowie, Maryland, United States, built c. 1745, is the Georgian style plantation house of Provincial Governor of Maryland, Samuel Ogle. Later home to another Maryland governor, the mansion is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Belair is recognized as the only great colonial estate where breeding of race horses was conducted over the course of three centuries. The estate significantly influenced the development of thoroughbred horse racing in the new world, having one of only two stables to raise two Triple Crown champions.</p><br>
<p>The mansion and its nearby stables both serve as museums, operated by the City of Bowie.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early history</h3><br>
<p>The original estate was 500 acre called Catton and was patented from the first proprietors of the Maryland Colony, the Calvert family, on August 26, 1681, by Robert Carvile of St. Mary&#39;s City, Maryland.</p><br>
<p>Carvile sold the land in 1698 for £100 to Henry Ridgely. In 1700, Ridgely purchased an additional 100 acre adjacent to Catton called Enfield Chase. Upon Ridgely&#39;s death in 1710, his third wife, now twice widowed, Mary Ridgely (Duvall, née Stanton) was executrix of the will and inherited the properties. Mary had previously inherited Middle Plantation in Davidsonville, Maryland when her first husband, Mareen Duvall died in 1699.</p><br>
<p>Reverend Jacob Henderson, became rector of Queen Anne&#39;s Parish in 1712 and married Mary Duvall that same year.</p><br>
<p>In 1718, Henderson believed that Benjamin Cheney and Joseph Cheney had "committed some trespass" so on January 20, 1718, Henderson petitioned the Maryland Land office to resurvey the boundaries of his properties. As a result, in 1721, a new deed was issued to a much larger 1,410 acre and the property was renamed Belair (sometimes written as Bel Air).</p><br>
<h3>Ogle era</h3><br>
<p>Samuel Ogle, son of Samuel Ogle of Northumberland, descended from the Barons Ogle was appointed by Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore to be Governor of Maryland in Annapolis in 1732. As part of his remuneration, Ogle was given £3,000 to build a residence but Ogle, then a bachelor, was in no hurry to do so.</p><br>
<h4>Ogle family ownership begins</h4><br>
<p>Henderson sold the land along with two other parcels known as Woodcock&#39;s Range and Enfield Chase to two partners, Ogle, and Benjamin Tasker Sr. on March 30, 1737, for the sum of £500.</p><br>
<p>In August, that same year, Ogle bought Taskers half of the property. In 1739, the 47-year-old Ogle married his former partners 18-year-old daughter, Anne Tasker.</p><br>
<h4>Construction to Revolution</h4><br>
<p>In 1740, Ogle was dispatched to England following England&#39;s declaration of war against Spain and left Tasker with power of attorney and "the task of supervising the construction of a new house at Belair." In 1747, Ogle returned to Maryland with his new bride to occupy his new home which was "the grandest in the region" visible from much of the surrounding area and "affording its owners a magnificent, all-encompassing view of their plantation." Ogle brought with him, two famous English horses and the first English-bred Thoroughbreds imported into Maryland, Queen Mab and Spark, both gifts of Lord Baltimore, establishing the Belair Stud.</p><br>
<p>The Ogle family maintained two residences upon return, one in town at the intersection of King George Street and College Avenue in Annapolis (now referred to as Ogle Hall, which houses the US Naval Academys Alumni Hall) and Belair, the Governors country seat.</p><br>
<p>Upon his death in 1752, Samuel Ogle left the following to his 3 year old son Benjamin Ogle:</p><br>
<p>Samuel Ogle had also named Tasker to be his sons guardian and manage the estate. At the age of 10, Benjamin Ogle was sent to England for formal education and returned 11 years later in 1770 to find Taskers daughters and their husbands living in the estate. Ogle sued to have ownership and occupy the mansion. The court ruled in his favor in 1774 and he took possession of the estate.</p><br>
<p>Benjamin Ogle became a friend of George Washington whose presidential records show he dined at Belair on October 1, 1773, and that Washington frequently sought Ogle&#39;s counsel.</p><br>
<h4>Post Revolution to Civil War</h4><br>
<p>Benjamin Ogle operated Belair and gained prominence as a gentleman. He was elected Governor of Maryland in 1798. That same year the Direct Federal Tax assessment listed Belair as containing:</p><br>
<p>He continued to prosper until his death in 1809 when the property was inherited by his son, Benjamin Ogle II. Ogle II operated the estate and stud farm until his death in 1844 when his two sons, George Cooke Ogle and Richard Lowndes Ogle divided the estate into two parcels. George took the parcel with the mansion and Richard moved to a house on his parcel known as Bladen (which was torn down in the 1960s to make way for the Kenilworth Elementary School). When George took possession of the deed to Belair, it carried an interesting restriction: George&#39;s youngest sister, Rosalie Ogle, must be able to remain in her room in the mansion as long as she remained single. She chose a large room of 17 by 20 feet on the upper floor.</p><br>
<h4>Civil War and end of Ogle ownership</h4><br>
<p>As Belair was a slave-operated plantation, the ratification of the Maryland Constitution of 1864 which emancipated the slaves in the state effectively ended its operation as a plantation. In 1867, Dr. George C. Ogle reported to the Maryland State Commissioner of Slave Statistics that he had freed 41 slaves, 24 of them 18 years or younger. Belair, like other plantations, was "possessed of huge tracts of land but suddenly without the built-in workforce to make them productive, they were often unable to meet mortgage debts or to pay taxes." By 1870, the house had fallen into bad repair and George Ogle was in debt of $7,400 to his brother-in-law William Henry Tayloe of Virginia as well as several lesser debts to others including $2,400 to the estate of Maria Jackson, being executed by James Mullikin. In 1871 Ogle defaulted on the latter debt, Mullikin filed suit and the court ruled the Belair be sold to satisfy the debt. The property was described in the auction notices as:</p><br>
<p>The property was sold to the executors of the estate of the mortgage holder, William Henry Tayloe on May 16, 1871. The winning bidders were Thomas Munford and Henry Augustine Tayloe II who paid $5,100 but the contingency remained on the deed and Rosalie Ogle remained in the house.</p><br>
<h3>Changing hands</h3><br>
<p>In 1877, Munford and Tayloe sold the property for $17,000 (~$ in ) to Edward T. Rutter. Belair subsequently changed hands numerous times while it continued to fall further into disrepair. The property was divided into smaller parcels, some of which were then recombined. By 1896, ownership of most of the land had passed to Benjamin N. Hardisty.</p><br>
<h3>Woodward era</h3><br>
<h4>James T. Woodward</h4><br>
<p>In 1898, Hardestys land was surveyed to be 371.4 acre including the mansion and the stables and was purchased for $10 and an undisclosed sum by wealthy banker James T. Woodward. James maintained residences in New York, Rhode Island as well as at Belair. During this time, he developed a very close relationship with Saint Johns College in Annapolis and was elected to its board of visitors. Woodward invested significantly in both repairing Belair and expanding St. John&#39;s during this time. He died in 1910 having never married.</p><br>
<h4>William Woodward Sr.</h4><br>
<p>His nephew, wealthy lawyer and banker, William Woodward Sr. inherited the estate in 1910 and expanded the building in 1914 to a five-part house by the additions of two wings and hyphens. The expansion became a noted work of the architects Delano & Aldrich.</p><br>
<p>During this period, William opportunistically bought up adjacent tracts of land including purchases from the Magruder family</p><br>
<p>and the nearby Fairview Plantation of Oden Bowie and began developing the Belair Stud.</p><br>
<p>In 1918, he entered his first two-year-olds into competition, and in 1923 Sunny Jim Fitzsimmons arrived at Belair as trainer who eventually brought the Belair Stud two Triple Crown champions, a feat matched by only one other stable. Woodward died in 1953, leaving the estate to his son William Woodward Jr.</p><br>
<h4>William Woodward Jr.</h4><br>
<p>Woodward Jr. became an avid horse racing enthusiast. After his father&#39;s death, he took over operation of Belair for a brief period before he was fatally shot in his Oyster Bay, New York estate by his wife in 1955.</p><br>
<h3>Belair development</h3><br>
<p>By the time of Woodward Jrs death, the estate had grown back to 2,280 acre; it was purchased at auction by Levitt and Sons in August 1957 for $1,750,000 (~$ in ). Levitt used the building and the stables as corporate offices as they developed their suburban housing development, "Belair at Bowie." In 1964, Levitt sold the mansion and 5.5894 acre of land including the Ogle cemetery to the City of Bowie for the price of $1 to be used as City Hall Bowies city hall relocated out of the mansion in 1978.</p><br>
<p>Forty years after its construction, the Belair Development was listed on the Maryland Inventory of Historic Sites.</p><br>
<h3>Present operation</h3><br>
<p>The mansion, located at 12207 Tulip Grove Drive in Bowie, Maryland, is owned by the City of Bowie and functions as a museum, as does the nearby Belair Stable Museum.</p><br>
<p>Both the mansion and stables are listed separately on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural details</h2><br>
<p>Based on Palladian architecture stressing symmetry, the original structure has two long façades featuring a central door and balanced number of windows on each side. Four chimneys support nine fireplaces.</p><br>
<p>From the National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form:</p><br>
<h2>Cemetery</h2><br>
<p>At the edge of the mansion grounds is a small cemetery containing the grave of Benjamin Ogle II whose tombstone states that he died on April 4, 1845 while other sources have him dying in 1844.</p><br>
<p>Others interred:</p><br>
<p>Ogle II&#39;s wife Anna Maria Cooke Ogle (1777–1856)</p><br>
<p>Benjamin Ogle III (1796–1839) who committed suicide following financial failure.</p><br>
<p>Priscilla Mackall Ogle (1825–1859)</p><br>
<p>Anna Maria Ogle (1849–1851)</p><br>
<p>The Belair Stable Museum is located at 2835 Belair Drive in Bowie, Maryland. It is operated by the City of Bowie, Maryland. The building once housed the Belair Stud Farm until 1957 when the Woodward family sold the Belair Estate to Levitt & Sons for the construction of Belair at Bowie.</p><br>
<p>This U-shaped sandstone equine stable was built in 1907 for James T. Woodward, then owner of the Belair Mansion. The elaborate stable building reflects Belair&#39;s long and distinguished association with thoroughbred horse racing and breeding.</p><br>
<p>The stable sits on 2 acre located about 1000 feet northeast of the Belair Mansion. Once part of the large estate, the stable building is now surrounded by residential development. The building itself is a U-shaped structure with a -story main block and single-story flanking wings, forming an open exercise yard to the center.</p><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>The Bank of Bigheart was a bank based in Barnsdall, Oklahoma and is also the name of its surviving historic commercial building, at 308 W. Main St. in Barnsdall.</p><br>
<p>It is one of four small bank buildings built in Richardsonian Romanesque style in Osage County, Oklahoma during 1904–1911, the peak of the county&#39;s oil boom. The others are Bank of Hominy, Bank of Burbank, and Osage Bank of Fairfax.</p><br>
<p>The Bank of Bigheart was founded in what was then the town of Bigheart, Oklahoma, and was renamed to Barnsdall in 1922. The building, constructed in 1911, served the bank until the bank closed in the 1930s, amidst the Great Depression. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>When listed, it was the oldest surviving commercial building in Barnsdall.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>The building is a two-story commercial building built of native sandstone with a coursed ashlar finish, about 25x70 ft in plan. It has a flat roof surrounded by an approximately 3 ft tall parapet on all sides except the rear.</p><br>
<p>The building is an example of late Richardsonian Romanesque architecture. It is built of native sandstone. The lower level features large arched windows typical of Richardsonian Romanesque buildings. The upper story has a smaller deeply set window with straight tops which are arranged in ribbon-like fashion, while the roofline features crenelations, both of which are characteristic of Richardsonian Romanesque.</p><br>
<h2>Operating history</h2><br>
<p>The first floor of the building originally contained the Bank of Bigheart.</p><br>
<p>The bank was renamed the Barnsdall State Bank in 1925. which remained in the building until 1976, when it relocated to the present-day American Heritage Bank building. It has since contained a variety of businesses including a drug store and tavern. The second floor was originally used for professional offices and continued to do so at least through the 1980s, but has been vacant since then.</p><br>
<p>According to the Bigheart Times, other tenants in the building have included the town of Barnsdall, which used it as a city hall and as a library, International Order of Oddfellows (IOOF) and its auxiliary (the Rebekah Lodge). The ground floor currently has two retail tenants: a flower shop called Twig and Berries, and The Hen House, which sells handcrafted items, as well as fresh eggs. In 2014, Cliff Taylor, then owner of the building, began a renovation program by replacing all of the windows on the second floor.</p><br>
<h2>Listing</h2><br>
<p>It was deemed significant for listing on the National Register as "it is the oldest surviving commercial building in Bigheart (now Barnsdall)" and it is "among the four oldest banks in Osage County", and "it is one of the finest representations of Richardsonian Romanesque architecture as applied to a commercial building in Osage County."</p><br>
<p>The bank is located on the northwest corner of W. Main St. and 5th St. in Barnsdale, on Oklahoma State Highway 11. It is adjoined on its east side by another two-story commercial building on W. Main. In 2023, the building appears occupied but not in retail commercial use, as there is no visible signage.</p><br>
<p>In 2023, Barnsdall is served by at least one bank, the American Heritage Bank, on the east end of the same block, at 400 W. Main St.</p><br>
<p>The George H. Pendleton House is a historic house in the Prospect Hill Historic District of Cincinnati, Ohio. It was built in 1870 in the French Second Empire style. From 1879 until his death in 1889, this was the residence of Senator George Hunt Pendleton . As a USA senator , Pendleton spearheaded civil service reform, meeting here in 1882 to draft the Pendleton Act, which created the Civil Service merit system. The building, now in mixed commercial and residential use, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The George H. Pendleton House is located north of downtown Cincinnati in the Prospect Hill neighborhood, on the south side of Liberty Hill at its junction with Higland Avenue. The hilltop mansion, set high on a ridge, is visible from many points in the downtown basin below. The house is a -story brick building, with a mansard roof providing a full third floor in the attic. The roof has a bracketed eave, and is pierced by dormers with flanking bracketed pilasters. The main facade is three bays wide, with a center entrance flanked by pilasters and topped by a corniced entablature. Ground floor windows are topped by projecting cornices, and second-floor windows have bracketed sills. The interior has been extensively altered, and is not historically significant.</p><br>
<p>The house was built about 1870, and was the home of George Hunt Pendleton from 1879 until his death in 1889. Pendleton was a lawyer and Democratic politician, who first won election to the United States Senate in 1857. He left Congress in 1865, but was returned to the Senate in 1879. At the time, jobs in the federal government were largely distributed through political patronage, often without regard to the competence for the position by the individuals hired. Although Pendleton appears to not have been a strong advocate of civil service reform, a Senate subcommittee met in his Cincinnati home in early 1882 to complete a draft civil service reform bill. This bill, enacted later in 1882 following widespread popular calls for civil service reform, was known as the Pendleton Act, and represents the birth of the modern merit-based civil service that has operated since. Pendleton&#39;s involvement in the bill cost him reelection in 1884, due to a lack of support from party operatives who had opposed the reforms.</p><br>
<p>After Pendleton&#39;s death, the house went through a number of owners and uses, including at one time as a nine-unit tenement house. It was eventually given an exterior restoration in the late 20th century. It now houses commercial offices on the ground floor and residences in the upper floors.</p><br>
<p>The Tower of Memories is a mausoleum located at Crown Hill Cemetery in unincorporated Jefferson County, Colorado, US. The seven-story building is 158 ft tall; its entrance is at 29th Avenue and Wadsworth Boulevard.</p><br>
<p>The building was designed with Gothic detailing by Charles A. Smith in 1926. After his firm failed in 1928, the architects William and Arthur Fisher were commissioned to continue the construction. World War II caused further delays to the building&#39;s construction. In 1948, the architect John Monroe was hired to complete the building.</p><br>
<p>The Tarrant County Courthouse is part of the Tarrant County government campus in Fort Worth, Texas, United States.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Tarrant County Courthouse was designed by the architecture firm of Frederick C. Gunn and Louis Curtiss and built by the Probst Construction Company of Chicago, 1893–1895. It is a pink Texas granite building in Renaissance Revival style, closely resembling the Texas State Capitol with the exception of the clock tower. The cost was $408,840 and citizens considered it such a public extravagance that a new County Commissioners&#39; Court was elected in 1894.</p><br>
<p>A monument dedicated to Confederate Army soldiers was erected on the grounds by the United Daughters of the Confederacy in 1953. In 1958, a Civil Courts Building was constructed on the west side of the courthouse. In 2012, a $4.5 million renovation to the clock tower was completed. In 2013, the Civil Courts Building was demolished.</p><br>
<p>The Tarrant County Courthouse currently houses the Tarrant County clerk&#39;s office, probate and county courts at law, a law library, and the Tarrant County facilities management department.</p><br>
<p>The Mason Cornwall House is located in Northern Idaho at 308 South Hayes Street in Moscow, Idaho. The residence is a Victorian Italianate style house constructed of brick with a stucco finish. It is architecturally significant as one of the finest houses of its period in this area. The Cornwall house is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is currently used as a private dwelling.</p><br>
<h2>Construction details</h2><br>
<p>The stucco was applied to the brick in a technique that simulates cut stone. The house was built in 1889 by Lauder and Taylor, builders in the Moscow area. The builder used Troy brick from a brick company in Troy, Idaho to construct the 16 in thick exterior walls on the first floor and 12 in walls on the second floor. This house has other Italianate features including a hipped roof and first story round arch windows which are bordered by a band of molding all the way around the house. There are rusticated quoins located underneath the roof cornice. The 2 ft metal brackets under the eaves are handmade. The original roof was covered with interlocking metal shingles and had a small square structure with windows atop it. The shingles have since been replaced with red tile.</p><br>
<p>Louisville City Hall is a registered historic building in Louisville, Kentucky, placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. Completed in 1873 to house the Louisville city government, the structure is located at 601 West Jefferson Street in what became Downtown Louisville, the center of the city&#39;s civic district.</p><br>
<p>Since the merger of the former City of Louisville with Jefferson County, Kentucky, it now primarily houses the offices and chambers of the Louisville Metro Council. The former Jefferson County Courthouse, now known as Louisville Metro Hall, is now primarily home to the offices of the metro mayor of Louisville.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The site was already Louisville&#39;s civic center. The first log courthouse was built across the street in 1784, and a brick courthouse stood on the site from 1811 to 1837. Prior to the construction of the City Hall, city government officials shared space with the courthouse.</p><br>
<p>Before the City Hall&#39;s construction, there was no dedicated building for city government, whose officials used space in the county courthouses. The plan was selected by way of a design competition held in 1867 with the winner receiving $500. The contest was won in April 1867 by local architect John Andrewartha and C.S. Mergell. In late summer 1870, the final plans for City Hall construction were made by Andrewartha, who was named managing architect, and architectural firm C.L. Stancliff and Co. The remaining government buildings were demolished before ground was broken on the city hall in 1870. Louisville General Council selected City engineer I.M. St. John to supervise the project.</p><br>
<p>Indiana Limestone, from White River quarries near Salem, Indiana was used. Construction took place between 1870 and 1873 at a final cost of $464,778. The exterior has been renovated several times but remains unchanged, while the interior has been completely remodeled several times.</p><br>
<p>A Greco-Roman annex building was built just west of City Hall in 1909. Cornelius Curtin designed it. An 1891 firehouse, the next building down Jefferson Street, was integrated into the complex in 1937. The building housed the city&#39;s tax collectors and quickly acquired the name "Sinking Fund Building". By the late 20th century it housed the Inspections, Permits and Licenses Department, which moved out in 2004. All three buildings were added to the National Register of Historic Places as the City Hall Complex in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building was a striking blend of Italianate and Second Empire styles, both popular at the time in civic buildings. Designs on the building represented the citys outlook in the post-Civil War era, which was very optimistic. The pediment over the main entrance features a relief of the city seal and a train steaming forward past Southern flora with the inscription, "Progress, 1871". Other engravings, over the tympana of the side windows, depict livestock heads, representing the importance of agriculture in Louisvilles early history.</p><br>
<p>It has three full stories had a raised basement. The most prominent feature is the 195-foot four-faced clock tower with mansard roof, not completed until 1876 after an earlier one burned in 1875. The tower included a three-ton bell which rang until 1964, when the clock broke. It was repaired in 1968 but broke in the 1970s. It was repaired in 1991.</p><br>
<p>Image:Louisville City Hall, HABS KY-143-9.jpgView from Jefferson Square</p><br>
<p>Image:Louisville City Hall 1.jpgView from further south on 6th Street</p><br>
<p>Image:Louisville City Hall 2.jpgA view from further southeast of the Hall</p><br>
<p>Image:Louisville City Hall Bell.jpgLouisville City Hall Bell</p><br>
<p>Image: DETAIL OF A SIDE ENTRANCE, SOUTH ELEVATION - City Hall, 601 West Jefferson Street, Louisville, Jefferson County, KY HABS KY,56-LOUVI,16-5.tifSide Entrance, South Elevation, from Jefferson Street</p><br>
<p>Image: VIEW_OF_HALL_AND_CAST-IRON_STAIRCASE,_SECOND_FLOOR,_FROM_NORTH_TO_SOUTH_-_City_Hall,_601_West_Jefferson_Street,_Louisville,_Jefferson_County,_KY_HABS_KY,56-LOUVI,16-7.tifCast Iron Staircase, Leading from Third Floor to Bell tower</p><br>
<p>Image: DETAIL OF CAST-IRON STAIRCASE, SECOND FLOOR - City Hall, 601 West Jefferson Street, Louisville, Jefferson County, KY HABS KY,56-LOUVI,16-8.tifDetail of Cast Iron Staircase, Third Floor</p><br>
<p>Image:Louisville city hall detail.jpgDetail of window sculptures</p><br>
<p>The New Albany Downtown Historic District is a national historic district located at New Albany, Indiana. The general area is W. First Street to the west, Spring St. to the north, E. Fifth Street to the east, and Main Street to the south. The local specification of the district is between East Fifth Street to West Fifth Street, Culbertson Street to the north, and the Ohio River to the south. East Spring Street Historic District is immediately east of the area, and the Main Street section of the Mansion Row Historic District starts. The area includes the Scribner House, where the founders of New Albany lived. It is also the focal area of the Harvest Homecoming Festival every October.</p><br>
<p>Architectural styles vary, including Beaux-Arts, Chicago Commercial, Federal, Greek Revival, Italianate, Neoclassical, and Renaissance Revival. Prominent buildings in the district include:</p><br>
<p>Elsby Building (1916, Neoclassical)</p><br>
<p>Firestone Building (1937, Art Moderne)</p><br>
<p>New Albany Carnegie Library (1902): Now the Carnegie Center for Art and History</p><br>
<p>Sears Automotive (Art Deco)</p><br>
<p>Town Clock Church (1852, Greek Revival): Originally the Second Presbyterian Church and served the Underground Railroad, it is now the Second Baptist Church.</p><br>
<p>Woolworth Building (1910, Chicago Commercial): Site of the chain&#39;s first luncheonette.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<p>File:Carnegie 47150.jpgCarnegie Center for Art and History</p><br>
<p>File:Scribner House in New Albany.jpgScribner House</p><br>
<p>File:Town Clock Church.jpgTown Clock Church</p><br>
<p>The East Spring Street Historic District is a national historic district located at New Albany, Indiana. The general area is E. Fifth Street to the west, Spring St. to the north, E. Eighth Street to the east, and Market Street to the south. The Cedar Bough Place Historic District is one block north of the area, the New Albany Downtown Historic District is immediately west of the area, and the Market Street section of the Mansion Row Historic District starts. The district encompasses 84 contributing buildings in a largely residential section of New Albany. It developed in the late-19th and early-20th century and includes notable examples of Queen Anne and Italianate style architecture. Notable buildings include the Third Presbyterian Church , St. Mary&#39;s Roman Catholic Church and Rectory , the former John Conner House or Masonic Lodge , and Edwards City Hospital .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001, with a boundary increase in 2020.</p><br>
<p>In its prime, it was a haven for those of middle-class and upper-class social status. Many churches are within the area.</p><br>
<p>File:1001Spring47150.jpgColonial Revival home</p><br>
<p>File:East Spring Street in New Albany.jpgQueen-Anne home</p><br>
<p>File:New Albany Masonic Temple.jpgNew Albany Masonic Temple</p><br>
<p>The Mansion Row Historic District is a national historic district located at New Albany, Indiana. It features some of the various mansions of the city when New Albany was the largest city in Indiana around the time of the American Civil War. The main section is on Main Street from State Street , to 15th Street. A smaller section is on Market Street from E. 7th Street to E. 11th Street.</p><br>
<p>Most of the buildings are of the Federal and Italianate styles, but other styles of the mansions are of Greek Revival, Gothic Revival, and Victorian. Most of the oldest of the buildings are of the Federal style, built before Upper High Street was renamed East Main Street.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Notable residents</h2><br>
<p>Asahel Clapp (physician)</p><br>
<p>William Culbertson (merchant)</p><br>
<p>Washington C. DePauw (industrialist)</p><br>
<p>Michael C. Kerr (USA Speaker of the House)</p><br>
<p>William Vaughn Moody (playwright)</p><br>
<h2>Prominent buildings</h2><br>
<p>Dr. Asahel Clapp House (1822), first brick house in New Albany</p><br>
<p>State Bank of Indiana building (1837, Greek Revival) Built at the cost of $40,000, it was the tallest building in New Albany for a time. It was one of the ten original branches of Indiana&#39;s State Bank.</p><br>
<p>Isaac P. Smith House (1847, Greek Revival)</p><br>
<p>Victor Pepin House (1851, Tuscan Italianate Villa), fully restored now "The Pepin Mansion" an Event & Retreat venue, original painted ceilings and more.</p><br>
<p>Sloan-Bicknell-Paris House (1851, Italian Villa), now the Admiral Bicknell Inn, it features a mahogany staircase with a cherry balustrade.</p><br>
<p>Culbertson Mansion State Historic Site (1869, Second Empire)</p><br>
<p>Washington C. DePauw House (1873, Second Empire) was the millionaire&#39;s winter home</p><br>
<p>Culbertson Old Ladies&#39; Home (1873), built by William Culbertson for the benefit of poor widows, it is currently a bed and breakfast, the Mansion at River Walk.</p><br>
<p>Samuel Culbertson House (1887, Queen Anne), built as a wedding present from William Culbertson to his son, it now holds gatherings such as weddings and class reunions.</p><br>
<p>St. Paul&#39;s Episcopalian Church (1896, Gothic Revival)</p><br>
<p>New Albany Masonic Hall (1868 in the Italianate style)</p><br>
<p>John H. and Evan B. Stotsenburg House (1867, Italianate style), 1407 E. Main.</p><br>
<p>File:Culbertson West.jpgSamuel Culbertson House</p><br>
<p>File:Culbertson Widow Home.jpgCulbertson Old Ladies&#39; Home</p><br>
<p>File:Mike Kerr Home.jpgHome of Michael C. Kerr</p><br>
<p>Holy Family Church was built in 1883 at 1715 Izard Street, at the intersections of 18th and Izard Streets in North Omaha, Nebraska within the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Omaha. It is the oldest existing Catholic Church in Omaha, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Holy Family Church was built in 1883 for Irish railroad workers and their families. It was designed by Omaha architects Charles and August Cleves in Gothic Revival and Romanesque Revival Style. The complex includes a parish church, school and rectory. Later, the church served Omahas growing Italian immigrant community. Priests at Holy Family Church were ultimately responsible for establishing Creighton University in the late 1800s. There was also a priest assigned to serve the Omahas Czech immigrant community in 1915.</p><br>
<p>Holy Family Church was regarded as a center of progressive activism in the 1960s and 1970s under the pastorate of Father John McCaslin. David Rice, of the Rice/Poindexter Case, was a guitar player at the church in the early 1970s.</p><br>
<p>The building was designated an Omaha landmark in 1985, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. According to the City of Omaha, Holy Family is the oldest remaining brick church structure in the city.</p><br>
<p>Baton Rouge station is a historic train station located at 100 South River Road in downtown Baton Rouge, Louisiana. It was built for the Yazoo and Mississippi Valley Railroad which got absorbed by the Illinois Central Railroad. The station was a stop on the Y&MV main line between Memphis, Tennessee and New Orleans, Louisiana. The building now houses the Louisiana Art and Science Museum.</p><br>
<p>The two-story main block and the two one-story wings in Classical Revival style stand directly across the Old State Capitol building.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 19, 1994, as the Yazoo and Mississippi Valley Railroad Co. Depot.</p><br>
<p>IC-333, a 0-6-0 steam engine formerly owned by the Charles Black Sand & Gravel Company of Fluker, LA, is on display just outside the building. Several passenger cars previously on display have been removed. As of 2011, IC-333 and its tender have been removed from the site as well.</p><br>
<h2>Passenger service</h2><br>
<p>In 1949 passenger service consisted of the Illinois Central&#39;s Planter, an all-coach train from Memphis, Tennessee to New Orleans via Vicksburg, Mississippi (along the Yazoo (main line, rather than the IC main line). The station hosted an additional two trains to and two trains from New Orleans.</p><br>
<p>In the stations final years of use, it was not used by the Illinois Central but instead by the Missouri Pacific, the unnamed successor to the Houstonian night train on the Houston - New Orleans route. This was not the final train in the city; the Kansas City Southern Railway continued the Southern Belle until 1969 at that companys own station in Baton Rouge.</p><br>
<h2>Louisiana Art and Science Museum</h2><br>
<p>The museum contains many exhibits and galleries, as well as a planetarium.</p><br>
<p>An ancient Egyptian mummy from the Ptolemaic dynasty.</p><br>
<p>A gallery for the solar system, including displays on astronomy and meteors. In 2018, the museum was also loaned a Triceratops skull from a private collection, nicknamed Jason.</p><br>
<p>Louisiana&#39;s Apollo 11 lunar sample display in its stores.</p><br>
<p>The West Baden Springs Hotel, formerly the West Baden Inn, is part of the French Lick Resort and is a national historic landmark hotel in West Baden Springs, Orange County, Indiana. It has a 200 ft dome over its atrium.</p><br>
<p>Prior to the completion of the Coliseum in Charlotte, North Carolina, in 1955, the dome was the largest free-spanning dome in the United States. From 1902 to 1913 it was the largest dome in the world. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974, the hotel became a National Historic Landmark in 1987. It is a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark and one of the hotels in the National Trust for Historic Preservation&#39;s Historic Hotels of America program.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>Roaming bear and herds of deer and buffalo once visited the salt lick near the present-day site of the West Baden Springs Hotel as they traveled along the Buffalo Trace in southern Indiana. Native Americans also used the area as hunting grounds. Following the arrival of French traders and settlers in the vicinity, the site became known as French Lick. When George Rogers Clark passed through southern Indiana in 1778, he camped less than a mile from the salt licks and mineral springs in Orange County that became known as French Lick and West Baden Springs.</p><br>
<p>Bowles served as a commissioned officer in the USA Army during the Mexican–American War. Before his departure for military service in 1846, Bowles signed a five-year lease with John A. Lane, a physician/patent medicine salesman, who agreed to enlarge and improve the facility at French Lick. The business deal would allow Bowles to enjoy an improved facility with the potential for increased business at the leases end, and Lane would make a potential profit from his investment. Part of Bowles land included the mineral springs known as Mile Lick, 1 mi north of French Lick. Much of the property surrounding the Mile Lick springs was marshy, subject to yearly flooding, and unsuitable to farming, but Lane envisioned it as a business area that would surpass French Lick. In 1851 he purchased 770 acre from Bowles. Lane assembled a sawmill, erected a bridge to traverse Lick Creek, and built a hotel larger than the French Lick Springs, beginning the competition between the two Orange County sites.</p><br>
<h2>West Baden</h2><br>
<p>Lane opened a hotel around 1852 near the settlement of Mile Lick and named it the Mile Lick Inn. In 1855, when the community was renamed West Baden in reference to Wiesbaden (or Baden-Baden), a spa town in Germany that was known for its mineral springs, Lane changed the hotel&#39;s name to the West Baden Inn. By the 1860s it was known as the West Baden Springs Hotel. The property was managed by Lane and Mr. and Mrs. Hugh Wilkins, with the assistance of W. F. Osborn, until 1883, when it was sold to a group of investors who made additional improvements.</p><br>
<p>In 1887 the Monon Railroad built an extension of its line to transport guests to the hotels and springs at French Lick and West Baden, where the two sites competed to offer the best service, entertainment, food and mineral water. By the late 1800s, guests arrived from across the country on seven separate railroads for relaxation and the alleged curative powers of the mineral water.</p><br>
<p>In 1888 an investment group called Sinclair and Rhodes, which included Lee Wiley Sinclair from Salem, Indiana, and E. B. Rhodes, acquired the West Baden hotel and 667 acre of land for $23,000. Although the hotel was destroyed by fire in 1891, it was rebuilt, and over the next several years Sinclair bought his partners&#39; interest in the hotel and became its sole owner. Sinclair turned the facility into an elaborate resort.</p><br>
<p>Advertised as the Carlsbad of America, the cosmopolitan resort included a casino, an opera house, and a covered, two-deck, one-third-mile oval bicycle and pony track. A lighted baseball diamond in the center of the track was used as the spring training grounds for several major league teams including the Cincinnati Reds, Chicago Cubs, and Pittsburgh Pirates, among others.</p><br>
<p>The hotel caught fire on June 14, 1901, but no guests were injured. decided to build a new, circular-shaped hotel that would be fireproof and have a large dome. His goal was to open the new hotel within a year.</p><br>
<p>Most building professionals rejected the idea of a 200 ft dome, but Harrison Albright an architect from West Virginia, designed the building. Oliver Westcott, a bridge engineer, designed the dome&#39;s trusses. To complete the structure before the first anniversary of the fire, a 500-man crew worked six days a week in ten-hour shifts at a total cost of $414,000.</p><br>
<h2>Eighth Wonder</h2><br>
<p>The new hotel opened on September 15, 1902, to rave reviews. Its formal dedication took place on April 16, 1903, with Indiana governor Winfield T. Durbin and USA Senator Charles W. Fairbanks delivering speeches at the event. Advertisements called it the Eighth Wonder of the World. Hotel amenities included a gambling casino and live theater performance every night, as well as opera, concerts, movies, bowling, and billiards. Palm trees grew in the huge atrium, where birds had free range and guests relaxed on overstuffed furniture grouped in clusters under the 200 ft dome. The massive fireplace in the atrium could accommodate logs as long as 14 ft. Outdoors, guests had their choice of a natatorium, two golf courses, horseback riding, baseball, several hiking trails, or bicycling on a covered, double-decked oval track. (At 1,760 ft, the track was the largest in the country.) To cater to their well-heeled clientele, the hotels facilities also included a bank and a stock brokerage. A trolley transported guests from the hotels front door to nearby French Lick.</p><br>
<p>Some early advertisements claimed the hotel had more than 700 rooms, but most sources report the total was around 500. The main building contained six floors. The ground floor held the lobby, hotel management offices, the dining area, shops and meeting rooms; saunas and mineral baths were located on the top floor; guest rooms, built in two concentric circles around the atrium, were located on the second through fifth floors. Rooms on the inner ring offered a view of the atrium, while forty rooms on floors four and six had balconies overlooking the atrium. The hotel rooms were small by modern standards. Most had one or two twin beds and lacked a private bathroom.</p><br>
<h3>Notable guests</h3><br>
<p>Over the years the West Baden hotel attracted many notable guests. Beginning in the late 1880s, when southern Indiana became a favorite destination of the wealthy, the famous, infamous, and near-famous came to relax, play golf, gamble, enjoy fine dining, and be entertained.</p><br>
<p>Paul Dresser composed Indianas state song "On the Banks of the Wabash, Far Away" at the hotel. Boxers John L. Sullivan and James J. Corbett trained there. Diamond Jim Brady and Al Capone and his bodyguards were frequent guests. Politicians who visited the hotel included Chicagos mayor, "Big Bill" Thompson, and New York&#39;s governor, Al Smith. General John J. Pershing, writer George Ade, and entertainer Eva Tanguay were also guests. Professional baseball teams that included the Chicago Cubs, Cincinnati Reds, Philadelphia Phillies, Pittsburgh Pirates, St. Louis Browns and St. Louis Cardinals held spring training in the region.</p><br>
<h3>Renovation</h3><br>
<p>Minor renovations to the property began in 1913, but a fire on February 11, 1917, destroyed the hotels bottling plant, opera house, bowling alley and hospital, forcing their replacement. Several years prior to the fires, hotel owner Lee Sinclairs health began to fail and his daughter, Lillian, and her husband, Charles Rexford, took over the hotel&#39;s operation. When Sinclair died in 1916, management of the hotel was left in the hands of the Rexfords.</p><br>
<p>Charles Rexford opposed any major enhancements, but Lillian ignored his wishes and began a major restoration of the hotel in a Greco-Roman architectural style. Between 1917 and 1919, Italian artisans installed a mosaic terrazzo tile floor composed of two million one-inch squares of marble in the atrium. The atrium fireplace was refaced with glazed ceramic tiles from the Rookwood Pottery Company. Marble wainscotting was added to the atrium&#39;s ground level walls, while the brick support columns were wrapped with canvas and painted to resemble marble. Outside, an elaborate veranda was constructed. Wooden shelters at the springs were replaced with brick structures, and a sunken garden was created with a fountain featuring an angel.</p><br>
<p>Edward Ballard, who financed the hotel&#39;s improvements, began his career as a bowling alley worker in the hotel, but made a fortune by operating an illegal gambling business in the area. Ballard also owned several nationally recognized touring circuses, including the Hagenbeck-Wallace Circus. Between 1918 and 1919, while the hotel was being refurbished, it served as a USA Army hospital for wounded soldiers returning from World War I. Lillian Rexford and Lieutenant Charles Cooper fell in love during his stay at the hotel-hospital. The Rexfords divorced in 1922, and Lillian sold the property to Ballard for $1 million in 1923. Half the money repaid the debt owed to Ballard; Lillian kept the remainder.</p><br>
<p>Business at the hotel boomed in the 1920s; however, as ownership of automobiles increased and tourism destinations in Florida and the western United States became more popular, West Baden declined despite Ballards efforts to attract more guests with trade shows and conventions. The Wall Street Crash of 1929 began a downward spiral for the hotel. As word of the plummeting stock market spread, people congregated in the brokerage firms offices at the hotel to confirm the news. Within hours the guests began to depart. Ballard kept the facility open for more than two years, but few people stayed in luxury hotels during the Great Depression. Ballard finally closed the hotel in June 1932. In 1934 he donated the $7 million resort to the Society of Jesus (Jesuits).</p><br>
<h2>Schools</h2><br>
<h3>Jesuit seminary</h3><br>
<p>Beginning in 1934 the Jesuits began renovating the property to convert it into an austere seminary named West Baden College, an affiliate of Loyola University Chicago, and most of the hotel&#39;s luxurious fixtures, furnishings, and decorations were removed.</p><br>
<p>The lobby was converted into a chapel with the addition of French doors and stained-glass windows.</p><br>
<p>The former hotel&#39;s four Moorish towers were removed from the exterior after they fell into disrepair. Truckloads of stone were dumped into the mineral spring pools, then capped with concrete and turned into shrines for the saints.</p><br>
<p>The seminary operated for thirty years, but was closed following the 1963–64 school year due to low enrollment and escalating maintenance costs. During their time at West Baden the Jesuits established a cemetery for the seminary&#39;s priests that received thirty-nine interments. When the Jesuits sold the facility, they retained ownership of the cemetery land, which the Catholic church in French Lick agreed to maintain.</p><br>
<h3>Northwood Institute</h3><br>
<p>On November 2, 1966, the Jesuits sold the property to Macauley and Helen Dow Whiting, who donated it to Northwood Institute, a private, coeducational college founded in Midland, Michigan. The former hotel/Jesuit seminary was operated as a satellite campus of Northwoods business management school from 1968 to 1983. By its third year at West Baden Springs, the schools enrollment exceeded 400 students. Basketball legend Larry Bird, who was born in West Baden, held basketball clinics and staged games in the atrium. He briefly attended Northwood, after leaving Indiana University, before resuming his studies and collegiate basketball career at Indiana State University.</p><br>
<p>After the school closed, H. Eugene MacDonald, a former Springs Valley resident, purchased the property in October 1983. MacDonald, who had owned other hotels, wanted to operate the property as a hotel, but lacked the financial resources for the restoration work. but a $250,000 payment from Marlin was returned for nonsufficient funds in 1985. Before MacDonald could begin foreclosure proceedings, Marlin declared bankruptcy and the hotel&#39;s ownership was tied up in litigation for nearly a decade.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>The Jesuits and Northwoods owners maintained the buildings structure, leaving it in reasonably good shape when MacDonald purchased it in 1983. The property was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1987, but Marlin failed to preserve the building while it was in bankruptcy. Visitors continued to tour the structure until 1989, when it was declared unsafe, and closed.</p><br>
<p>In 1992 the National Trust for Historic Preservation listed the hotel as one of America&#39;s most endangered places and the Historic Landmarks Foundation of Indiana matched an anonymous $70,000 donation to pay for work to stabilize the main structure. Tie rods were installed, the roof was patched, drainage was improved on roof parapets, and the structure around the partially collapsed wall was secured. HLFI also created promotional materials to help find a buyer and promoted the establishment of a local zoning and redevelopment commission.</p><br>
<p>Minnesota Investment Partners purchased the property in May 1994 for $500,000 from the bankruptcy receiver. Grand Casinos, Inc., an MIP investor, provided the funding and held an option on the hotel, but was unsuccessful in its efforts to pass "Boat on a Moat" legislation in 1995 to extend riverboat gambling to a proposed man-made lake adjacent to the hotel. When Grand Casinos walked away from their option, MIP tried to sell the property for $800,000, but a year passed with no interest. In July 1996 MIP accepted a purchase offer of $250,000 from HLFI West Baden, Inc., a new affiliate of HLFI, using funds provided by an anonymous donor.</p><br>
<p>Bill Cook, a billionaire entrepreneur, and his wife, Gayle, from Bloomington, Indiana, have been involved with several historic preservation projects. The Cook Group initiated efforts to stabilize the hotel&#39;s structural integrity and begin exterior restoration during the summer of 1996. The thirty-month first phase of the project was completed in early 1999 at a cost of $30 million—two-and-a-half times their initial commitment. In addition to the exteriors of the hotel and outbuildings, the garden was recreated, and the interior atrium, lobby, dining room and adjoining rooms were also completely restored. Over the next five years, the Cook Group spent another $5 million for maintenance.</p><br>
<p>The reconstruction project was featured in West Baden Springs: Save of the Century (1999), a documentary produced by Eugene Brancolini for WTIU Public Television. It chronicled the rise, demise, and restoration of the hotel. Using historical documents, photos, and archival footage, Brancolini&#39;s documentary explained how the property regained and even surpassed its former luxury.</p><br>
<h2>Casino resort</h2><br>
<p>HLFI West Baden unsuccessfully marketed the property nationally for more than five years before realizing that casino gaming would be the key to their success. HLFI joined the Cook Group, Boykin Lodging (owner of the French Lick Springs Hotel), and Orange County citizens to lobby the Indiana legislature to allow casino gambling in the area. The coalition members spent so much time in Indianapolis lobbying for their cause that they became known as "The Orange Shirts", in reference to the color of their T-shirts bearing the slogan, "Save French Lick and West Baden Springs".</p><br>
<p>Legislation was finally approved in 2003 and the required local referendum easily passed. The Trump Organization was initially granted the gambling license by the Indiana Gaming Commission, but Trump&#39;s subsequent bankruptcy caused the selection process to begin again. The Cook family decided to form a new company, Blue Sky, LLC, and submitted its application, before purchasing the French Lick Springs Hotel from Boykin Lodging. Blue Sky was awarded the gambling license during the summer of 2005 and stepped up the planning and permitting process for the casino. Construction of the French Lick Resort Casino and renovation of the French Lick Springs Hotel occurred simultaneously in the fall of 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>In the spring of 2006, HLFI West Baden deeded the West Baden Springs Hotel to the Cook Group for a token amount in appreciation for the $35 million already invested. Restoration of the hotel resumed in the summer of 2006. The French Lick Springs Hotel and French Lick Resort Casino opened together on November 3, 2006. A gala event on June 23, 2007, marked the reopening of the West Baden Springs Hotel, seventy-five years after it closed.</p><br>
<p>The West Baden hotels reconfigured space contained 243 rooms and suites, fewer than half of the total in the original structure. The hotels natatorium was rebuilt using historic photographs as a guide. The total cost of the complete restoration of the West Baden Springs Hotel totaled almost $100 million.</p><br>
<p>Indiana Landmarks holds a perpetual preservation easement on the West Baden Springs Hotel that requires prior approval to make any changes to the hotel&#39;s exterior or grounds, even if ownership changes.</p><br>
<h2>Recognition</h2><br>
<p>The West Baden Springs Hotel was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974 and named a National Historic Landmark in 1987. In 2008 Condé Nast magazine ranked the hotel twenty-first on its list of the "Top 75 Mainland USA Resorts." In 2009 the American Automobile Association recognized the hotel as one of the top ten historic hotels in the United States. and awarded it a four- diamond rating. A Zagat Survey in 2009 included the hotel on its list of "Top USA Hotels, Resorts & Spas."</p><br>
<p>The National Trust for Historic Preservation has included the hotel in its Historic Hotels of America program. The American Society of Civil Engineers designated the hotel as a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>In the 1900s and 1910s the African-American employees of the West Baden Springs Hotel played on an early Negro league baseball team called the West Baden Sprudels. They played their rivals, the French Lick Plutos of the nearby French Lick Springs Hotel.</p><br>
<p>The hotel is the setting for Michael Koryta&#39;s thriller, So Cold the River (2010), as well as its 2021 movie adaptation.</p><br>
<p>Ebenezer Mill is a mill located in Knoxville, Tennessee. It was constructed as a turbine mill to grind corn and wheat, and later modified for use as a saw mill. The mill was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987 as an example of a late-19th century gristmill.</p><br>
<p>The mill sits on the banks of Ten Mile Creek (originally Sinking Creek) on the site of what was once the "Mansion Mill," a smaller gristmill built c. 1835 for the McClung estate.</p><br>
<p>The Airplane Service Station, also known as the Powell Airplane, is a service station built in 1930 in the shape of an airplane. Located on Clinton Highway in Powell, an unincorporated community in Knox County, Tennessee, it is on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The station was built by brothers Elmer and Henry Nickle. Their intent was to increase business by having a service station that was visually unique, both to area residents and to travelers on newly widened USA Highway 25. Elmer Nickle had a strong interest in airplanes, and so the station was constructed in the Mimetic architectural style in the shape of an airplane.</p><br>
<p>The structure ceased being used as a service station in the 1960s, when it became a liquor store. It has also been a produce stand, bait and tackle shop, a used car lot and a barber shop. Knox Heritage and a local organization, the Airplane Filling Station Preservation Association (AFSPA), worked to preserve the structure.</p><br>
<p>The Knox County Courthouse is a historic building located at 300 Main Street in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States. Built in 1886, it served as Knox County&#39;s courthouse until the completion of the City-County Building in 1980, and continues to house offices for several county departments.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The courthouse is a 2.5-story brick structure with an imposing clock tower. It contains a mixture of architectural styles, including Colonial elements in the clock tower and Gothic elements (including quatrefoil patterns) in the balcony and porch. Much of the interior has been altered.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Knox County Courthouse sits on what was originally Lot 36 of Charles McClungs 1791 plat of Knoxville. The lot across the street to the north (Lot 37), currently occupied by the federal courthouse, was the lot set aside by James White for the county courthouse. Thomas William Humes stated that a "frolicsome Irishman" burned this first courthouse down within a few years of its construction, to the delight of the citys residents. The lot of the current courthouse was originally occupied by a federal blockhouse made famous by a Lloyd Branson painting.</p><br>
<p>Knox County&#39;s second courthouse was built about 1797. This second courthouse was the setting for the George Washington Harris short story, "Eaves-Dropping a Lodge of Free-Masons." Harris described the "old stone Court-house" as having a "steep gable front to the street," a "disproportionately small brick chimney," "well-whittled door-jambs," "dusty windows," and "gloomy walls and ghosly echoes." By the 1830s, this courthouse had deteriorated, and local politicians began calling for its replacement.</p><br>
<p>Construction on Knox County&#39;s third courthouse began in 1839, and was completed in 1842. This third courthouse was a Federal-style structure with Greek Revival elements, and was constructed by John Dameron and Drury P. Armstrong.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the fourth Knox County Courthouse began in 1884. The lot across the street from the third courthouse, then occupied by a large hotel known as the Mansion House, was purchased. The county hired Stephenson and Getaz, a local contractor and architect, to build the courthouse. This firm used drawings prepared by the New York architectural firm, Palliser and Palliser. Built at a cost of $82,000.00, this new courthouse was considered fireproof, and included a 2,500-pound bell. Wings (running parallel to Main Street) were added to the east and west sides in 1919.</p><br>
<p>In 1980, Knox County courts and many county government functions moved to the newly completed City County Building on Hill Avenue. In subsequent years, after talk surfaced of tearing the courthouse down, a movement led by Knox County Executive Dwight Kessel convinced the county to preserve it. The building continues to house several county offices, including the office of the county clerk.</p><br>
<h2>Cultural references</h2><br>
<p>The Hank Williams Jr. song "Knoxville Courthouse Blues" refers to the courthouse.</p><br>
<p>Cormac McCarthy&#39;s 1965 novel, The Orchard Keeper, includes a scene in which one of the characters carries a dead chickenhawk into the courthouse, for which he is paid a $1 bounty. McCarthy also mentions the courthouse in his 1979 novel, Suttree, likening the sound of its bell to "a fogwarning on some shrouded coast."</p><br>
<h2>Monuments</h2><br>
<p>Tennessees first governor, John Sevier (1745&ndash;1815), was originally buried in the Mississippi Territory where he died while surveying what would eventually become the Alabama-Georgia border. In 1889, a delegation led by Tennessee Governor Robert Love Taylor had Seviers remains extracted and reinterred in the lawn of the Knox County Courthouse. A monument was placed on the grave in 1893. In 1922, a movement led by former Knoxville Mayor Samuel Heiskell managed to reinter the remains of Seviers second wife, Catherine "Bonny Kate" Sherrill Sevier, next to her husband. In 1946, a Sevier descendant, Mary Headman, placed a marker on the lawn honoring Seviers first wife, Sarah Hawkins.</p><br>
<p>Other monuments include the marble arched structure dedicated to Dr. John Mason Boyd (1833&ndash;1909), which faces the Gay Street/Main Street intersection, and stone monuments commemorating the site of the 1790s-era federal blockhouse, Knoxvilles status as the first capital of Tennessee, and the 1791 signing of the Treaty of Holston. Another monument, "The Hiker," was erected by the countys Spanish–American War veterans in memory of their fellow soldiers, sailors and marines who died in the conflict. Two Tennessee Historical Commission markers recall the Treaty of Holston and the third, or "Old Knox County (1842–1886) Courthouse," which was located across from the present courthouse on Main Street.</p><br>
<p>Old City Hall is a complex of historic buildings located at 601 West Summit Hill Drive in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States. Originally constructed in 1848 as the Tennessee School for the Deaf and Dumb , the complex served as Knoxvilles city hall from 1925 until 1980. The complex has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places and has been documented by the Historic American Buildings Survey. It currently houses Lincoln Memorial Universitys Duncan School of Law.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The Old City Hall complex stands at the northeast corner of the intersection of Summit Hill Drive, Western Avenue, Broadway, and Henley Street. The L&N Station stands opposite this intersection to the southwest. The complex consists of five interconnected buildings&mdash; the three-story main building, completed in 1848, and four additions behind the main building, built between 1874 and 1899. The entire complex sits atop a wooded knoll.</p><br>
<p>The main building consists of a three-story front section measuring 100 ft by 50 ft, and two rear wings, each measuring 25 ft by 79 ft, giving the building a U-shape. The facade of the central section contains a portico with four Ionic columns supporting a large pediment, and accessed by a marble staircase. One of the rear additions was designed in the Italian Renaissance style, and another contains Neoclassical elements. The buildings&#39; interiors have been modified extensively over the years as the role of the complex changed.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Tennessee School for the Deaf</h3><br>
<p>The Tennessee School for the Deaf, originally called the Tennessee School for the Deaf and Dumb, or the "Deaf and Dumb Asylum," was authorized by the state in 1844, following legislative efforts initiated by state senator John Cocke of Grainger County. Knoxville merchant Calvin Morgan (1773&mdash;1851) donated the property for the school, and construction began in 1846. St. Johns Episcopal rector Thomas William Humes delivered the dedicatory address upon the schools opening in 1848.</p><br>
<p>The schools enrollment grew rapidly during the 1850s, but was forced to close at the outset of the Civil War, when occupying Confederate forces converted it into a hospital. Following William P. Sanderss failed raid against the city in June 1863, an artillery battery was set up behind the school building. When Union forces captured Knoxville in September 1863, they in turn used the school as a hospital. The school finally reopened in December 1866.</p><br>
<p>In 1873, the state appropriated $10,000 for the school, allowing it to expand. A new classroom building, designed by early Knoxville architect A.C. Bruce, was completed in 1874, and a chapel and auditorium building, designed by Joseph Baumann (1844&ndash;1920), was completed in 1879. A second classroom building was added in 1891, and a hospital building was constructed in 1899. The school continued operating at the complex until 1924, when it moved to its new campus at the old Island Home estate in South Knoxville.</p><br>
<h3>City Hall</h3><br>
<p>Knoxvilles first city hall was a small, two-story building constructed on the northern half of Market Square in 1868 (prior to this, the city government met at the Knox County Courthouse). This structure was replaced by a larger, more elaborate building in 1888. This second building was incorporated into the design of the new market house, which was completed in 1897, though the citys government still met on its second floor.</p><br>
<p>In 1923, at the behest of progressive new city manager Louis Brownlow, Knoxville purchased the Tennessee School for the Deaf complex for use as a city hall. Over several decades, figures such as Cas Walker, George Dempster and John Duncan, Sr., fought over issues ranging from taxation to the city&#39;s lack of parking spaces.</p><br>
<p>In 1924, the Boyd school (located where the Daylight Building now stands) burned down. During the early 1930s, the city made plans to move the school into the City Hall complex, but as the city&#39;s offices expanded and required more and more space, these plans never materialized.</p><br>
<p>In his 1957 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel, A Death in the Family, author James Agee recalled walking with his father through downtown Knoxville in 1915. As they passed the "deaf and dumb asylum," Agee noted how "its windows showed black in its pale brick, as the nursing woman&#39;s eyes, and it stood deep and silent among the light shadows of its trees."</p><br>
<h3>Recent history</h3><br>
<p>Over the second half of the 20th century, the Old City Hall lot, which originally covered 8 acre, was gradually chipped away by development and road work. During the 1950s, several buildings on the northern half of the lot were demolished to make way for a new parking lot. In 1975, a cottage was demolished on the southwestern corner of the lot, and three years later, the Summit Hill Towers were erected on the lot&#39;s northeastern portion.</p><br>
<p>In 1980, the City of Knoxville relocated its main offices, including its city hall functions, to the newly completed City-County Building on Main Street. Various tenants occupied Old City Hall in subsequent years, including the Knoxville Area Chamber Partnership (which moved to Market Square in 2004). In February 2008, Harrogate-based Lincoln Memorial University began leasing the building for its new law school, the Duncan School of Law.</p><br>
<p>The Division Street School is a historic school building located at New Albany, Floyd County, Indiana. It was one of the first elementary schools for African-American children, with construction beginning in June 1884, and the opening in 1885. It was moved by thirty feet westward in 1922. It was untouched by the Ohio River flood of 1937. It operated as a school until May 1946, while segregation still took place; those students still attended were assigned to Griffin Street School. From 1946 until 1948 it was a Veterans Administration Office. It was then used as a maintenance shop for the New Albany/Floyd County School Corporation until 1999. After restoration, it is now used for various community activities.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
